Ethylene oligomerization catalyst systems using chemically-treated solid oxides

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are catalyst compositions containing a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, a chemically-treated solid oxide, and an organoaluminum compound. These catalyst compositions can be used in an ethylene oligomerization process to produce a liquid oligomer product containing hexene and octene, as well as a solid polymer product with a molecular weight sufficiently high to permit easy separation of the liquid oligomer product from the solid polymer product.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The oligomerization of ethylene to produce hexenes and/or octenes in ahomogeneous process often can produce a by-product stream containing anethylene-based polymer. In some circumstances, the polymer produced cancause reactor fouling, and associated costs, clean-up, and downtime. Itwould be beneficial to produce hexenes and/or octenes from ethyleneusing a process that is less susceptible to reactor fouling and itsrelated drawbacks. Accordingly, it is to these ends that the presentinvention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the detaileddescription. This summary is not intended to identify required oressential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this summaryintended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

Catalyst systems containing a chemically-treated solid oxide aredisclosed and described herein. Such catalyst systems can comprise aheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, achemically-treated solid oxide, and an organoaluminum compound.Illustrative and non-limiting examples of heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complexes can include diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complexes, N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compoundcomplexes, N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compoundcomplexes, and N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplexes. Methods for preparing these catalyst systems also areprovided herein, and some of these methods can result in unexpectedincreases in catalyst system activity and productivity.

Embodiments of this invention also are directed to oligomerizationprocesses, and these processes can comprise contacting ethylene, any ofthe catalyst systems disclosed herein, and an optional organic reactionmedium, and forming an oligomer product. The oligomer product cancontain a liquid oligomer product and a solid polymer product, andbeneficially, the oligomerization processes can be performed withoutreactor fouling and its related drawbacks.

Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed descriptionprovide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoingsummary and the following detailed description should not be consideredto be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided inaddition to those set forth herein. For example, certain aspects andembodiments may be directed to various feature combinations andsub-combinations described in the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments of the presentinvention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 presents a plot of the molecular weight distribution of thepolymer product of Example 10, representative of polymer productsproduced using a catalyst system containing heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex A, a chemically-treated solid oxide,and an organoaluminum compound.

FIG. 2 presents a plot of the molecular weight distribution of thepolymer product of Example 37, representative of polymer productsproduced using a catalyst system containing heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex B, a chemically-treated solid oxide,and an organoaluminum compound.

FIG. 3 presents a plot of the molecular weight distribution of a polymerproduct representative of polymer products produced using a homogeneouscatalyst system containing a N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metalcompound complex and MMAO-3A modified methylaluminoxane.

DEFINITIONS

To define more clearly the terms used herein, the following definitionsare provided. Unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions areapplicable to this disclosure. If a term is used in this disclosure butis not specifically defined herein, the definition from the IUPACCompendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd Ed (1997), can be applied, aslong as that definition does not conflict with any other disclosure ordefinition applied herein, or render indefinite or non-enabled any claimto which that definition is applied. To the extent that any definitionor usage provided by any document incorporated herein by referenceconflicts with the definition or usage provided herein, the definitionor usage provided herein controls.

Herein, features of the subject matter can be described such that,within particular aspects and/or embodiments, a combination of differentfeatures can be envisioned. For each and every aspect, and/orembodiment, and/or feature disclosed herein, all combinations that donot detrimentally affect the designs, compositions, processes, and/ormethods described herein are contemplated with or without explicitdescription of the particular combination. Additionally, unlessexplicitly recited otherwise, any aspect, and/or embodiment, and/orfeature disclosed herein can be combined to describe inventive processesand compositions consistent with the present disclosure.

Regarding claim transitional terms or phrases, the transitional term“comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,”“having,” or “characterized by,” is open-ended and does not excludeadditional, unrecited elements or method steps. The transitional phrase“consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specifiedin the claim. The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limitsthe scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those thatdo not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of theclaimed invention. A “consisting essentially of” claim occupies a middleground between closed claims that are written in a “consisting of”format and fully open claims that are drafted in a “comprising” format.Absent an indication to the contrary, describing a composition or methodas “consisting essentially of” is not to be construed as “comprising,”but is intended to describe the recited element that includes materialsor steps which do not significantly alter the composition or method towhich the term is applied. For example, an olefin feedstock consistingessentially of a material A can include impurities typically present ina commercially produced or commercially available sample of the recitedcompound or composition. When a claim includes different features and/orfeature classes (for example, a method step, olefin feedstock features,and/or product features, among other possibilities), the transitionalterms comprising, consisting essentially of, and consisting of applyonly to the feature class to which it is utilized, and it is possible tohave different transitional terms or phrases utilized with differentfeatures within a claim. For example, a method can comprise severalrecited steps (and other non-recited steps), but utilize an olefinfeedstock consisting of specific components; alternatively, consistingessentially of specific components; or alternatively, comprising thespecific components and other non-recited components. While compositionsand methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components orsteps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or“consist of” the various components or steps, unless specifically statedotherwise. For example, a catalyst system consistent with certainembodiments of the present invention can comprise; alternatively,consist essentially of; or alternatively, consist of; a heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, a chemically-treated solidoxide, and an organoaluminum compound.

The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include pluralalternatives, e.g., at least one, unless otherwise specified. Forinstance, the disclosure of “an electron-withdrawing anion” is meant toencompass one, or combinations of more than one, electron-withdrawinganion (e.g., sulfate, chloride, fluoride, etc.), unless otherwisespecified.

Generally, groups of elements are indicated using the numbering schemeindicated in the version of the periodic table of elements published inChemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. In some instances, agroup of elements can be indicated using a common name assigned to thegroup; for example, alkali metals for Group 1 elements, alkaline earthmetals for Group 2 elements, transition metals for Group 3-12 elements,and halogens or halides for Group 17 elements.

For any particular compound or group disclosed herein, any name orstructure presented is intended to encompass all conformational isomers,regioisomers, stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof that can arise from aparticular set of substituents, unless otherwise specified. The name orstructure also encompasses all enantiomers, diastereomers, and otheroptical isomers (if there are any), whether in enantiomeric or racemicforms, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, as would be recognized by askilled artisan, unless otherwise specified. For example, a generalreference to hexene (or hexenes) includes all linear or branched,acyclic or cyclic, hydrocarbon compounds having six carbon atoms and 1carbon-carbon double bond; a general reference to pentane includesn-pentane, 2-methyl-butane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane; and a generalreference to a butyl group includes an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group,an iso-butyl group, and a t-butyl group.

Within this disclosure, the normal rules of organic nomenclatureprevail. For instance, when referencing substituted compounds or groups,references to substitution patterns are taken to indicate that theindicated group(s) is (are) located at the indicated position and thatall other non-indicated positions are hydrogen. For example, referenceto a 4-substituted phenyl group indicates that there is a non-hydrogensubstituent located at the 4-position and hydrogens located at the 2, 3,5, and 6 positions. References to compounds or groups havingsubstitutions at positions in addition to the indicated position can bereferenced using comprising or some other alternative language. Forexample, a reference to a phenyl group comprising a substituent at the4-position refers to a group having a non-hydrogen substituent at the4-position and hydrogen or any non-hydrogen substituent at the 2, 3, 5,and 6 positions.

The terms “contact product,” “contacting,” and the like, are used hereinto describe compositions and methods wherein the components arecontacted together in any order, in any manner, and for any length oftime, unless otherwise specified. For example, the components can becontacted by blending or mixing. Further, unless otherwise specified,the contacting of any component can occur in the presence or absence ofany other component of the compositions and methods described herein.Combining additional materials or components can be done by any suitablemethod. Further, the term “contact product” includes mixtures, blends,solutions, slurries, reaction products, and the like, or combinationsthereof. Although “contact product” can, and often does, includereaction products, it is not required for the respective components toreact with one another. Similarly, the term “contacting” is used hereinto refer to materials which can be blended, mixed, slurried, dissolved,reacted, treated, or otherwise contacted in some other manner. Hence,“contacting” two or more components can result in a mixture, a reactionproduct, a reaction mixture, etc.

The terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,” “catalyst system,”and the like, do not depend upon the actual product or compositionresulting from the contact or reaction of the initial components of thedisclosed or claimed catalyst composition/mixture/system, the nature ofthe active catalytic site, or the fate of the organoaluminum compound,the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, or thechemically-treated solid oxide, after combining these components.Therefore, the terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,”“catalyst system,” and the like, encompass the initial startingcomponents of the composition, as well as whatever product(s) may resultfrom contacting these initial starting components. The terms “catalystcomposition,” “catalyst mixture,” “catalyst system,” and the like, maybe used interchangeably throughout this disclosure.

The term “hydrocarbon” whenever used in this specification and claimsrefers to a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. The term“olefin” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon that has at least onecarbon-carbon double bond that is not part of an aromatic ring or ringsystem. The term “olefin” includes aliphatic and aromatic, cyclic andacyclic, and/or linear and branched compounds having at least onecarbon-carbon double bond that is not part of an aromatic ring or ringsystem, unless specifically stated otherwise. Olefins having only one,only two, only three, etc., carbon-carbon double bonds can be identifiedby use of the tem “mono,” “di,” “tri,” etc., within the name of theolefin. The olefins can be further identified by the position of thecarbon-carbon double bond(s). The term “alpha olefin” as used hereinrefers to any olefin that has a double bond between the first and secondcarbon atom of a contiguous chain of carbon atoms. The term “alphaolefin” includes linear and branched alpha olefins and alpha olefinswhich have more than one non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bond, unlessexpressly stated otherwise. The term “normal alpha olefin” as usedherein refers to a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon mono-olefin having adouble bond between the first and second carbon atom.

An “aromatic compound” refers to a compound containing a cyclicallyconjugated moiety that follows the Hückel (4n+2) rule and containing(4n+2) pi-electrons, where n is an integer from 1 to about 5. Aromaticcompounds can be monocyclic or polycyclic, unless otherwise specified.Non-limiting examples of aromatic compounds include benzene,naphthalene, and toluene, among others.

The term oligomer refers to a product that contains from 2 to 20 monomerunits. The terms “oligomerization product” and “oligomer product”include all products made by the “oligomerization” process, includingthe “oligomers” and products which are not “oligomers” (e.g., productswhich contain more than 20 monomer units, or solid polymer).

The term “oligomerization,” and its derivatives, refers to processeswhich produce an oligomer product comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35 wt.%, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % products comprising from 2 to 20 monomer units.In an example, an “oligomerization” process using ethylene as themonomer produces a mixture of products comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35wt. %, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % oligomers having from 4 to 40 carbon atoms.

The term “trimerization,” and it derivatives, refers to a process whichproduces a mixture of products comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35 wt. %,50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % products comprising three and only three monomerunits. A “trimer” is a product which comprises three and only threemonomer units. A “trimerization product” includes all products made bythe trimerization process including trimer and product(s) which are nottrimer (e.g., dimers or tetramers, solid polymer). In an example, a“trimerization” process using ethylene as the monomer produces a mixtureof products comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35 wt. %, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt.% hexenes.

The term “tetramerization,” and it derivatives, refers to a processwhich produces a mixture of products comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35wt. %, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % products comprising four and only fourmonomer units. A “tetramer” is a product which comprises four and onlyfour monomer units. A “tetramerization product” includes all productsmade by the tetramerization process including tetramer and product(s)which are not tetramer (e.g., dimers or trimers, solid polymer). In anexample, a “tetramerization” process using ethylene as the monomerproduces a mixture of products comprising at least 20 wt. %, 35 wt. %,50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % octenes.

The term “trimerization and tetramerization,” and it derivatives, refersto a process which produces a mixture of products comprising at least 20wt. %, 35 wt. %, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % products comprising three and/orfour and only three and/or four monomer units. A “trimerization andtetramerization product” includes all products made by the“trimerization and tetramerization” process including trimer, tetramer,and product(s) which are not trimer and tetramer (e.g., dimers, solidpolymer). In an example, a “trimerization and tetramerization” processusing ethylene as the monomer produces a mixture of products comprisingat least 20 wt. %, 35 wt. %, 50 wt. %, or 60 wt. % hexenes and octenes.

Catalyst system productivity is defined as kilograms of a product pergram of transition metal of the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex utilized in the catalyst system. Catalyst systemproductivity can be stated in terms of various products. For example, inan ethylene oligomerization process utilizing a catalyst systemcomprising a heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex, the catalystsystem productivities that can be utilized can include (kg oligomerproduct)/(g Cr), (kg C₆ product)/(g Cr), (kg (C₆+C₈) product)/(g Cr),and (kg polymer)/(g Cr), among other productivities.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein can be used in the practice or testing of theinvention, the typical methods and materials are herein described.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein byreference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, theconstructs and methodologies that are described in the publications,which might be used in connection with the presently describedinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed generally to new catalyst systems,methods for preparing the catalyst systems, methods for using thecatalyst systems to oligomerize olefins, and the liquid oligomer andsolid polymer products produced using such catalyst systems. Inparticular, the present invention relates to catalyst systems containinga heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, achemically-treated solid oxide, and an organoaluminum compound, and tooligomerization process utilizing these catalyst systems.

As disclosed herein, the heterogeneous catalyst systems and processes ofthis invention can provide distinct advantages over homogeneous catalystsystems and processes in the ease of separation (e.g., solid-liquidseparation techniques) of the liquid oligomer product from solid polymerproduct and/or from the (solid) components of the catalyst system.Moreover, and while not wishing to be bound by the following theory, itis believed that the processes of this invention can reduce or possiblyeliminate reactor fouling. It is further believed, while not wishing tobe bound by the following theory, that the processes of this inventionproduce a solid polymer having sufficiently high molecular weight toreduce its adherence to reactor walls and other surfaces. It is alsobelieved, while not wishing to be bound by the following theory, thatthe production of a solid polymer having a higher molecular weight, andthe reduction of the polymer's adherence to reactor walls and othersurfaces, can reduce or possibly eliminate reactor fouling. Further, andwhile not wishing to be bound by the following theory, it is believedthat another beneficial aspect of this invention is that the solidpolymer product can be insoluble in the organic reaction medium used inthe oligomerization process. Additionally, and while not wishing to bebound by the following theory, it is believed that another beneficialaspect of this invention is that at least a portion of the solid polymerproduct can comprise solid particles of the chemically-treated solidoxide component of the catalyst system. Each of factors, eitherindividually or in any combination, can lead to the reduction orpossible elimination of reactor fouling and/or the ease of separationand recovery of the liquid oligomer product.

Catalyst Systems

Embodiments of this invention are directed to a catalyst systemcomprising a) a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,b) a chemically-treated solid oxide, and c) an organoaluminum compound.Generally, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,the chemically-treated solid oxide, and the organoaluminum compound areindependent elements of the catalyst system and are describedindependently herein. The independent descriptions of the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, the chemically-treated solidoxide, and the organoaluminum compound can be utilized withoutlimitation, and in any combination, to further describe any catalystsystem comprising a) a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex, b) a chemically-treated solid oxide, and c) an organoaluminumcompound.

Heteroatomic Ligand Transition Metal Compound Complexes

Generally, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex ofthe catalyst systems described herein is composed of a heteroatomicligand and a transition metal compound. The heteroatomic ligand and thetransition metal compound are independent elements of the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex and are independently describedherein. The independent descriptions of the heteroatomic ligand and thetransition metal compound can be utilized without limitation, and in anycombination, to further describe the heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex of the catalyst systems described herein.

In an embodiment, the heteroatomic ligand can comprise, can consistessentially of, or can be, a diphosphino amine, an N²-phosphinylamidine, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine, orany combination thereof. In some embodiments, the heteroatomic ligandcan comprise, can consist essentially of, or can be, a diphosphinoamine; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidine, an N²-phosphinylformamidine, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine, or any combination thereofalternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidine; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylformamidine; or alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine. Consequently,in some embodiments, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex of the catalyst systems described herein can comprise, canconsist essentially of, or can be, a diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compoundcomplex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compound complex,an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex, or anycombination thereof; alternatively, a diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complex; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidine transitionmetal compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex, or any combination thereof; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal compound complex; alternatively, anN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compound complex; oralternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex.

Transition Metal Compounds

Generally, the transition metal compound of the heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex has the formula MX_(p), where Mrepresents the transition metal, X represents a monoanionic ligand, andp represent the number of monoatomic ligands (and the oxidation state ofthe transition metal, M). The transition metal (M), the monoanionicligand (X), and p are independent elements of the transition metalcompound and are independently described herein. The independentdescriptions of the transition metal (M), the monoanionic ligand (X),and p can be utilized without limitation, and in any combination, tofurther describe the transition metal compound of the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex.

Generally, the transition metal of the heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex can comprise, can consist essentially of, or canbe, any transition metal. In an embodiment, the transition metal of theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex can consistessentially of, or can be, a Group 5-10 transition metal; alternatively,a Group 6-10 transition metal; alternatively, a Group 6-9 transitionmetal; alternatively, a Group 6 transition metal; alternatively, a Group8 transition metal; alternatively, a Group 9 transition metal; oralternatively, a Group 10 transition metal. In some embodiments, thetransition metal compound can comprise vanadium, niobium, tantalum,chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel,palladium, or platinum. In other embodiments, the transition metalcompound can comprise chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, cobalt,nickel, palladium, or platinum; alternatively, chromium, iron, cobalt,or nickel; or alternatively, iron or cobalt. In other embodiments, thetransition metal compound can comprise chromium.

Generally, the transition metal of the transition metal compound(MX_(p)) can have any positive oxidation state available to thetransition metal atom. In an embodiment, the transition metal can havean oxidation state of from +2 to +6; alternatively, from +2 to +4; oralternatively, from +2 to +3. In some embodiments, the transition metalof the transition metal compound (MX_(p)) can have an oxidation state of+1; alternatively, +2; alternatively, +3; or alternatively, +4.

Each monoanionic ligand, X, of the transition metal compoundindependently can be any suitable monoanionic ligand or any monoanionicligand disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the monoanionic ligand, X,can be a halide, a carboxylate, a β-diketonate, a hydrocarboxide, anitrate, or a chlorate. In some embodiments, the monoanionic ligand, X,can be a halide, a carboxylate, a β-diketonate, or a hydrocarboxide. Inany aspect or embodiment, the hydrocarboxide can be an alkoxide, anaryloxide, or an aralkoxide. Generally, hydrocarboxide (and subdivisionsof hydrocarboxide) are the anion analogues of a hydrocarboxy group. Inother embodiments, the monoanionic ligand, X, can be a halide, acarboxylate, a β-diketonate, or an alkoxide; or alternatively, a halideor a β-diketonate. In other embodiments, X can be a halide;alternatively, a carboxylate; alternatively, a β-diketonate;alternatively, a hydrocarboxide; alternatively, an alkoxide; oralternatively, an aryloxide. Generally, the number, p, of monoanions canequal the oxidation state of the metal atom. In an embodiment, thenumber, p, of monoanionic ligands, X, can be from 2 to 6; alternatively,from 2 to 4; alternatively, from 2 to 3; alternatively, 1;alternatively, 2; alternatively, 3; or alternatively, 4.

Generally, each halide monoanionic ligand, X, independently can befluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; or alternatively, chlorine,bromine, or iodine. In an embodiment, each halide monoanionic ligand, X,can be chlorine; alternatively, bromine; or alternatively, iodine.

Generally, the carboxylate can be a C₁ to C₂₀ carboxylate, oralternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀ carboxylate. In an embodiment, eachcarboxylate monoanionic ligand independently can be acetate, apropionate, a butyrate, a pentanoate, a hexanoate, a heptanoate, anoctanoate, a nonanoate, a decanoate, an undecanoate, or a dodecanoate;or alternatively, a pentanoate, a hexanoate, a heptanoate, an octanoate,a nonanoate, a decanoate, an undecanoate, or a dodecanoate. In someembodiments, each carboxylate monoanionic ligand independently can beacetate, propionate, n-butyrate, valerate (n-pentanoate),neo-pentanoate, capronate (n-hexanoate), n-heptanoate, caprylate(n-octanoate), 2-ethylhexanoate, n-nonanoate, caprate (n-decanoate),n-undecanoate, or laurate (n-dodecanoate); alternatively, valerate(n-pentanoate), neo-pentanoate, capronate (n-hexanoate), n-heptanoate,caprylate (n-octanoate), 2-ethylhexanoate, n-nonanoate, caprate(n-decanoate), n-undecanoate, or laurate (n-dodecanoate); alternatively,capronate (n-hexanoate); alternatively, n-heptanoate; alternatively,caprylate (n-octanoate); or alternatively, 2-ethylhexanoate. In someembodiments, the carboxylate monoanionic ligand can be triflate(trifluoroacetate).

Generally, the β-diketonate can be any C₁ to C₂₀ β-diketonate, oralternatively, any C₁ to C₁₀ β-diketonate. In an embodiment, eachβ-diketonate independently can be acetylacetonate (i.e.,2,4-pentanedionate), hexafluoroacetylacetone (i.e.,1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanediuonate), or benzoylacetonate;alternatively, acetylacetonate; alternatively, hexafluoroacetylacetone;or alternatively, benzoylacetonate.

Generally, the hydrocarboxide can be any C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarboxide, oralternatively, any C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarboxide. In an embodiment, eachhydrocarboxide can be a C₁ to C₂₀ alkoxide; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀alkoxide; alternatively, a C₆ to C₂₀ aryloxide; or alternatively, a C₆to C₁₀ aryloxide. In an embodiment, each alkoxide monoanionic ligandindependently can be methoxide, ethoxide, a propoxide, or a butoxide. Insome embodiments, each alkoxide monoanionic ligand independently can bemethoxide, ethoxide, isopropoxide, or tert-butoxide; alternatively,methoxide; alternatively, ethoxide; alternatively, iso-propoxide; oralternatively, tert-butoxide. In an aspect, the aryloxide can bephenoxide.

In a non-limiting aspect, the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex of the catalyst systems described herein can comprise,can consist essentially of, or can be, a heteroatomic ligand chromiumcompound complex. In some particular non-limiting embodiments, theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex of the catalystsystems described herein can comprise, can consist essentially of, orcan be, a diphosphino amine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinylamidine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromiumcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex,or any combination thereof; alternatively, a diphosphino amine chromiumcompound complex; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidine chromiumcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromium compoundcomplex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex, or anycombination thereof; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidine chromiumcompound complex; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromiumcompound complex; or alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromiumcompound complex.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the chromium compound of any heteroatomicligand chromium compound complex described herein can comprise, canconsist essentially of, or consist of, a chromium(II) halide, achromium(III) halide, a chromium(II) carboxylate, a chromium(III)carboxylate, a chromium(II) β-diketonate, or a chromium(III)β-diketonate. In some non-limiting embodiments, the chromium compound ofany heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex described herein cancomprise, can consist essentially of, or consist of, a chromium(II)halide, a chromium(II) carboxylate, or a chromium(II) β-diketonate; oralternatively, a chromium(III) halide, a chromium(III) carboxylate, or achromium(III) β-diketonate. In other non-limiting embodiments, thechromium compound of any heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complexdescribed herein can comprise, can consist essentially of, or consistof, a chromium(II) halide; alternatively, a chromium(III) halide;alternatively, a chromium (II) carboxylate; alternatively, achromium(III) carboxylate; alternatively, a chromium(II) β-diketonate;or alternatively, a chromium(III) β-diketonate.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the chromium compound of any heteroatomicligand chromium compound complex described herein can comprise, canconsist essentially of, or consist of, chromium(II) chloride,chromium(III) chloride, chromium(II) fluoride, chromium(III) fluoride,chromium(II) bromide, chromium(III) bromide, chromium(II) iodide,chromium(III) iodide, chromium(II) acetate, chromium(III) acetate,chromium(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium(III) 2-ethylhexanoate,chromium(II) triflate, chromium(III) triflate, chromium(II) nitrate,chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(II) acetylacetonate, chromium(III)acetylacetonate, chromium(II) hexafluoracetylacetonate, chromium(III)hexafluoracetylacetonate, chromium(III) benzoylacetonate, orchromium(III) benzoylacetonate. In some non-limiting embodiments, thechromium compound of any heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complexdescribed herein can comprise, can consist essentially of, or consistof, chromium(III) chloride, chromium(III) fluoride, chromium(III)bromide, chromium(III) iodide, chromium(III) chloride (THF) complex,chromium(III) acetate, chromium(III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium(III)triflate, chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(III) acetylacetonate,chromium(III) hexafluoracetylacetonate, or chromium(III)benzoylacetonate. In further embodiments, the chromium compound can bechromium(III) chloride or chromium(III) acetylacetonate; alternatively,chromium(III) chloride; or alternatively, chromium(III) acetylacetonate.

Diphosphino Amine Transition Metal Complexes

In an aspect, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complexof the catalyst systems described herein can comprise, can consistessentially of, or can be, a diphosphino amine transition metal compoundcomplex having Structure PNPTMC1 or Structure PNPTMC2; alternatively,Structure PNPTMC1; or alternatively, Structure PNPTMC2.

In the diphosphino amine transition metal compound complex havingStructure PNPTMC1 and Structure PNPTMC2, MX_(p) represents thetransition metal compound of the diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complex, while [R^(1s))(R^(2s))P]N(R^(5s))[P(R^(3s))(R^(4s))]and[(R^(1s))(R^(2s))P][(R^(3s))(R^(4s))P]N(L^(1s))N[P(R^(1s))(R^(2s))P][P(R^(3s))(R^(4s))]represent the diphosphino amine of the diphosphino amine transitionmetal compound complex. Generally, the transition metal compound(MX_(p)) and each R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), R^(4s), R^(5s), and L^(1s) ofthe respective diphosphino amine of the diphosphino amine transitionmetal compound complex having Structure PNPTMC1 and Structure PNPTMC2are independent elements of the diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complex having Structure PNPTMC1 and Structure PNPTMC2 and aredescribed independently herein. The independent descriptions of(MX_(p)), R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), R^(4s), R^(5s), and L^(1s) can beutilized without limitation, and in any combination, to further describeany the diphosphino amine transition metal compound complexes havingStructure PNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2.

Generally, each R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) of the diphosphinoamine having Structure PNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2 independentlycan be an organyl group; alternatively, an organyl group consisting ofinert functional groups; or alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group. In anembodiment, the organyl group which can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s),R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ toC₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment, the organyl groupconsisting of inert functional groups which can be utilized as R^(1s),R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅,a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group consisting of inert functionalgroups. In an embodiment, the hydrocarbyl group which can be utilized asR^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group. In furtherembodiments, R^(1s) and R^(2s), and/or R^(3s) and R^(4s) can be joinedto form a ring or a ring system.

In an embodiment, each R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) of StructurePNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2 independently can be an alkyl group, asubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a substituted cycloalkylgroup, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, or asubstituted aralkyl group. In some embodiments, each R^(1s), R^(2s),R^(3s), and R^(4s) of Structure PNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2independently can be an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group;alternatively, a cycloalkyl group or a substituted cycloalkyl group;alternatively, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; alternatively,an aralkyl group or a substituted aralkyl group; or alternatively, analkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. Inother embodiments, each R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) of StructurePNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2 independently can be an alkyl group;alternatively, a substituted alkyl group, alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, anaryl group; alternatively, a substituted aryl group; alternatively, anaralkyl group; or alternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each alkyl group which canbe utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) independently can be aC₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, each substituted alkyl group which can beutilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) independently can be a C₁to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ substituted alkyl group. In anyaspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each cycloalkyl group which canbe utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) independently can be aC₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In any aspector embodiment disclosed herein, each substituted cycloalkyl group whichcan be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) independently canbe a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ substituted cycloalkylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each aryl groupwhich can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s)independently can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ arylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each substitutedaryl group which can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s)independently can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀substituted aryl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein,each aralkyl group which can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), andR^(4s) independently can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀aralkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, eachsubstituted aryl group which can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s),and R^(4s) independently can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀substituted aralkyl group. Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group(general or specific), a substituted cycloalkyl group (general orspecific), a substituted aryl group (general or specific), and/orsubstituted aralkyl group (general or specific) can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarboxy groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s).

In an embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) canbe a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, apentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, or an octyl group. In someembodiments, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be amethyl group, an ethyl group, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group, atert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group, or a neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, a methyl group;alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl (1-propyl)group; alternatively, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group; alternatively, atert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group; or alternatively, a neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group. In some embodiments, the alkyl groupswhich can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can besubstituted. Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group independentlycan be a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted alkyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s).

In an embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) canbe a cyclopentyl group, a substituted cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, or a substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentylgroup or a substituted cyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a cyclohexylgroup or a substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, acyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a substituted cyclohexyl group. Inan embodiment, the substituted cycloalkyl group, which can be utilizedfor one of more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s), can be a2-substituted cyclohexyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group, a2-substituted cyclopentyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groupor a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group. In an embodiment, one or moresubstituents of a multi-substituted cycloalkyl group utilized as R^(1s),R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s) can be the same or different;alternatively, all the substituents of a multi-substituted cycloalkylgroup can be the same; or alternatively, all the substituents of amulti-substituted cycloalkyl group can be different. Each substituent ofa substituted cycloalkyl group (general or specific) having a specifiednumber of ring carbon atoms independently can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen, alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted cycloalkyl group (general or specific) which canbe utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s).

In a non-limiting embodiment, any one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s),and R^(4s) can be a cyclohexyl group, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group, or a2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group, a2-alkylcyclopentyl group, or a 2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group;alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, acyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group; oralternatively, a 2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group. Alkyl substituent groups(general and specific) are independently described herein and thesealkyl substituent groups can be utilized, without limitation, to furtherdescribe alkylcyclohexyl groups (general or specific), dialkylcyclohexylgroups (general or specific), alkylcyclopentyl groups (general orspecific), and/or dialkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific) whichcan be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s). Generally, thealkyl substituents of a disubstituted cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl groupcan be the same, or alternatively, the alkyl substituents can bedifferent. In some non-limiting embodiments, any one or more of R^(1s),R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a 2-methylcyclohexyl group, a2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a 2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, a2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group. In other non-limiting embodiments,one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group; oralternatively, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexylgroup, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.

In an embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) canbe a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a phenylgroup; or alternatively, a substituted phenyl group. In an embodiment,the substituted phenyl group which can be utilized for one or more ofR^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s), can be a 2-substituted phenyl group,a 3-substituted phenyl group, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, a3,5-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group, a 4-substituted phenylgroup, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group or a3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenylgroup or a 4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2,4-disubstituted phenyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a3-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 4-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3,5-disubstitutedphenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group. Inan embodiment, one or more substituents of a multi-substituted phenylgroup utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s) can be the sameor different; alternatively, all the substituents can be the same; oralternatively, all the substituents can be different. Each substituentof a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) independently can bea halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively,a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy group can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s).

In a non-limiting embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), andR^(4s) can be a phenyl group, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a 3-alkylphenylgroup, a 4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a2,6-dialkylphenyl group, a 3,5-dialkylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a 2,6-dialkylphenylgroup, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenylgroup or a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl groupor a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 3-alkylphenyl group or a3,5-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group or a2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; or alternatively, a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describe anyalkyl substituted phenyl group which can be utilized as R^(1s), R^(2s),R^(3s), and/or R^(4s). Generally, the alkyl substituents ofdialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) or trialkylphenyl groups(general or specific) can be the same, or alternatively, the alkylsubstituents can be different. In some non-limiting embodiments, one ormore of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) independently can be a phenylgroup, a 2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenylgroup, a 2-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-tert-butylphenyl group, a2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a 2,6-diethylphenyl group, a2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a 2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group, a2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, or a 2-tert-butylphenyl group; oralternatively, a phenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a2,6-diethylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), andR^(4s) can be a phenyl group, a 2-alkoxyphenyl group, or a4-alkoxyphenyl group. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more ofR^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) can be a phenyl group, a2-methoxyphenyl group, a 2-ethoxyphenyl group, a 2-isopropoxyphenylgroup, a 2-tert-butoxyphenyl group, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a4-ethoxyphenyl group, a 4-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a4-tert-butoxyphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-methoxyphenyl group, a2-ethoxyphenyl group, a 2-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a2-tert-butoxyphenyl group; or alternatively, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a4-ethoxyphenyl group, a 4-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a4-tert-butoxyphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), andR^(4s) can be a phenyl group, a 2-halophenyl group, a 4-halophenylgroup, or a 2,6-dihalophenyl group. Generally, the halides of adihalophenyl group can be the same, or alternatively, the halides can bedifferent. In some embodiments, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s),and R^(4s) can be a phenyl group, a 2-fluorophenyl group, a4-fluorophenyl group, or a 2,6-difluorophenyl group.

In an embodiment, one or more of R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and R^(4s) canbe a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group; alternatively, a benzylgroup; or alternatively, a substituted benzyl group. Each substituent ofa substituted benzyl group independently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbylgroup, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen or ahydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen, alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted benzyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), and/or R^(4s).

Generally, R^(5s) of the diphosphino amine transition metal compoundcomplex having Structure PNPTMC1 can be an organyl group; alternatively,an organyl group consisting of inert functional groups; oralternatively, a hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the organyl groupwhich can be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ toC₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment, the organyl groupconsisting of inert functional groups which can be utilized as R^(5s)can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organylgroup consisting of inert functional groups. In an embodiment, thehydrocarbyl group which can be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₁ to C₂₀, aC₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, R^(5s) of Structure PNPTMC1 can be an alkyl group, asubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a substituted cycloalkylgroup, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, or asubstituted aralkyl group. In some embodiments, R^(5s) of StructurePNPTMC1 can be an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group;alternatively, a cycloalkyl group or a substituted cycloalkyl group;alternatively, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; alternatively,an aralkyl group or a substituted aralkyl group; or alternatively, analkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. Inother embodiments, R^(5s) of Structure PNPTMC1 can be an alkyl group;alternatively, a substituted alkyl group, alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, anaryl group; alternatively, a substituted aryl group; alternatively, anaralkyl group; or alternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the alkyl group which canbe utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅alkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, thesubstituted alkyl group which can be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₁ toC₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ substituted alkyl group. Inany aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the cycloalkyl group whichcan be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ toC₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, thesubstituted cycloalkyl group which can be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₄to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ substituted cycloalkyl group. In anyaspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the aryl group which can beutilized as R^(5s) can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ arylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the substitutedaryl group which can be utilized as R^(5s) can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ toC₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ substituted aryl group. In any aspect or embodimentdisclosed herein, each aralkyl group which can be utilized as R^(5s) canbe a C₇ to, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀ aralkyl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, the substituted aryl group which can beutilized as R^(5s) can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to, or a C₇ to C₁₀substituted aralkyl group. Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group(general or specific), substituted cycloalkyl group (general orspecific), substituted aryl group (general or specific), and/orsubstituted aralkyl group (general or specific) can be a halogen,hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxyl group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, hydrocarbylgroups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxy groups(general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted R^(5s) group.

In an embodiment, R^(5s) can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, oran octyl group. In some embodiments, R^(5s) can be a methyl group, anethyl group, an n-propyl (1-propyl) group, an isopropyl (2-propyl)group, an n-butyl (1-butyl) group, a sec-butyl (2-butyl) group, anisobutyl (2-methyl-1-propyl) group, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl)group, an n-pentyl (1-pentyl) group, a 2-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group,a 2-methyl-1-butyl group, a tert-pentyl (2-methyl-2-butyl) group, a3-methyl-1-butyl group, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, or a neo-pentyl(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, a methyl group, an ethylgroup, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl)group, or a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, amethyl group; alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl(1-propyl) group; alternatively, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group;alternatively, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group; or alternatively,a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group. In some embodiments, thealkyl groups which can be utilized as R^(5s) can be substituted. Eachsubstituent of a substituted alkyl group independently can be a halogenor a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; or alternatively, ahydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently described herein andthese substituent groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted alkyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(5s).

In an embodiment, R^(5s) can be a cyclopentyl group, a substitutedcyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a substituted cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or a substituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a cyclohexyl group or a substituted cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; or alternatively,a substituted cyclohexyl group. In further embodiments, R^(5s) can be a2-substituted cyclohexyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group, a2-substituted cyclopentyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively,a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a2-substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstitutedcyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup. In an embodiment, one or more substituents of a multi-substitutedcycloalkyl group utilized as R^(5s) can be the same or different;alternatively, all the substituents of a multi-substituted cycloalkylgroup can be the same; or alternatively, all the substituents of amulti-substituted cycloalkyl group can be different. Each substituent ofa cycloalkyl group (general or specific) having a specified number ofring carbon atoms independently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group,or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbylgroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively,a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxygroup. Substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general andspecific), and substituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific)are independently described herein and these substituent groups can beutilized without limitation to further describe a substituted cycloalkylgroup (general or specific) which can be utilized as R^(5s).

In a non-limiting embodiment, R^(5s) can be a cyclohexyl group, a2-alkylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group;alternatively, a cyclopentyl group, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group, or a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describealkylcyclohexyl groups (general or specific), dialkylcyclohexyl groups(general or specific), alkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific),and/or dialkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(5s). Generally, the alkyl substituents of a disubstitutedcyclohexyl or cyclopentyl group can be the same, or alternatively, thealkyl substituents can be different. In some non-limiting embodiments,R⁵ can be a 2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.In other non-limiting embodiments, R^(5s) can be a 2-methylcyclohexylgroup, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a 2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexylgroup, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group,or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group. In an embodiment, R^(5s) can bea cyclopentyl group, a 2-methylcyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, ora 2-methylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or acyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a 2-methylcyclopentyl group or a2-methylcyclohexyl group.

In an embodiment, R⁵ can be a phenyl group or a substituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a phenyl group; or alternatively, a substitutedphenyl group. In some embodiments, R^(5s) can be a 2-substituted phenylgroup, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group or a 4-substituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group or a 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2,4-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group. Inan embodiment, one or more substituents of a multi-substituted phenylgroup utilized as R^(5s) can be the same or different; alternatively,all the substituents can be the same, or alternatively, all thesubstituents can be different. Each substituent of a substituted phenylgroup (general or specific) independently can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently described herein andthese substituent groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R^(5s)In a non-limiting embodiment, R^(5s) can be a phenylgroup, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a 4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a2,6-dialkylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group. Alkylsubstituent groups (general and specific) are independently describedherein and these alkyl substituent groups can be utilized, withoutlimitation, to further describe any alkyl substituted phenyl group whichcan be utilized as R^(5s). Generally, the alkyl substituents ofdialkylphenyl groups (general of specific) or trialkylphenyl groups(general or specific) can be the same, or alternatively, the alkylsubstituents can be different. In some non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ canbe a phenyl group, a 2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a2-n-propylphenyl group, a 2-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-tert-butylphenylgroup, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a 2,6-diethylphenyl group, a2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a 2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group, a2-methylphenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group.

Generally, L^(1s) of the diphosphino amine having Structure PNPTMC2 canbe an organylene group; alternatively, an organylene group consisting ofinert functional groups; or alternatively, a hydrocarbylene group. In anembodiment, the organylene group which can be utilized as L^(1s) can bea C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, or a C₁ to C₁₀ organylene group. In anembodiment, the organylene group consisting of inert functional groupswhich can be utilized as L^(1s) can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, or a C₁to C₁₀ organylene group consisting of inert functional groups. In anembodiment, the hydrocarbylene group which can be utilized as L^(1s) canbe a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, or a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylene group. In anembodiment, L^(1s) of the diphosphino amine having Structure PNPTMC2 canbe a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene group, or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀ alkylenegroup.

In an embodiment, L^(1s) of the diphosphino amine having StructurePNPTMC2 can be —(CR^(P)R^(P′))_(m)— where each R^(P) and R^(P′) canindependently be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or butylgroups and m can be an integer from 1 to 12. In some embodiments, L^(1s)can be a methylene group (—CH₂—), an ethylene group (—CH₂CH₂—), apropylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), a —CH(CH₃)CH₂— group, —C(CH₃)₂— group, abutylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—CH₂—), or a —CH₂CH(CH₃)—CH₂— group. In otherembodiments, L^(1s) can be a methylene group (—CH₂—), an ethylene group(—CH₂CH₂—), or a —CH(CH₃)CH₂— group; alternatively, a methylene group(—CH₂—); alternatively, an ethylene group (—CH₂CH₂—); alternatively, apropylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—); alternatively, a —CH(CH₃)CH₂— group;alternatively, a —C(CH₃)₂— group; or alternatively, a —CH₂CH(CH₃)—CH₂—group.

In an embodiment, L^(1s) of the diphosphino amine having StructurePNPTMC2 can be 1,2-cyclohexylene, a substituted 1,2-cyclohexylene,1,3-cyclohexylene, a substituted 1,3-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, asubstituted 1,4-cyclohexylene, 3,3′-bicyclohexylene, a substituted3,3′-bicyclohexylene, 4,4′-bicyclohexylene, a substituted4,4′-bicyclohexylene, bis(3-cyclohexylene)methane, a substitutedbis(3-cyclohexylene)methane, bis(4-cyclohexylene)methane, a substitutedbis(4-cyclohexylene)methane, 1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)ethane, asubstituted 1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)ethane,1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)ethane, a substituted1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)ethane, 1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane, asubstituted 1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane,1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane, a substituted1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane, 2,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)-propane, asubstituted 2,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane,2,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane, or a substituted2,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane. In some embodiments, L^(1s) of thediphosphino amine having Structure PNPTMC2 can be a substituted1,2-cyclohexylene, a substituted 1,3-cyclohexylene, a substituted1,4-cyclohexylene, a substituted 3,3′-bicyclohexylene, a substituted4,4′-bicyclohexylene, a substituted bis(3-cyclohexylene)methane, asubstituted bis(4-cyclohexylene)methane, a substituted1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)ethane, a substituted1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)ethane, a substituted1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane, a substituted1,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane, a substituted2,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane, or a substituted2,2-bis(4-cyclohexylene)propane. In an embodiment, each substituent of asubstituted cyclohexylene, a substituted bis(cyclohexylene)methane, asubstituted bis(cyclohexylene)ethane, or a substituted1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane which can be utilized as L^(1s) can be ahydrocarbyl group. Substituent groups (general and specific) areindependently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation tofurther describe a substituted cyclohexylene (general or specific), asubstituted bis(cyclohexylene)methane (general or specific), asubstituted bis(cyclohexylene)ethane (general or specific), or asubstituted 1,2-bis(3-cyclohexylene)propane (general or specific) whichcan be utilized as L^(1s).

In an embodiment, L^(1s) of the diphosphino amine having StructurePNPTMC2 can be 1,2-phenylene, a substituted 1,2-phenylene,1,3-phenylene, a substituted 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, a substituted1,4-phenylene, 3,3′-biphenylene, a substituted 3,3′-biphenylene,4,4′-biphenylene, a substituted 4,4′-biphenylene,bis(3-phenylene)methane, a substituted bis(3-phenylene)methane,bis(4-phenylene)methane, a substituted bis(4-phenylene)methane,1,2-bis(3-phenylene)ethane, a substituted 1,2-bis(3-phenylene)ethane,1,2-bis(4-phenylene)ethane, a substituted 1,2-bis(4-phenylene)ethane,1,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane, a substituted 1,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane,1,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane, a substituted 1,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane,2,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane, a substituted 2,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane,2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane, or a substituted2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane. In some embodiments, L^(1s) of thediphosphino amine having Structure PNPTMC2 can be a substituted1,2-phenylene, a substituted 1,3-phenylene, a substituted 1,4-phenylene,a substituted 3,3′-biphenylene, a substituted 4,4′-biphenylene, asubstituted bis(3-phenylene)methane, a substitutedbis(4-phenylene)methane, a substituted 1,2-bis(3-phenylene)ethane, asubstituted 1,2-bis(4-phenylene)ethane, a substituted1,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane, a substituted 1,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane,a substituted 2,2-bis(3-phenylene)propane, or a substituted2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane. In an embodiment, each substituent of asubstituted phenylene (general or specific), a substituted biphenylene(general or specific), a substituted bis(phenylene)methane (general orspecific), a substituted bis(phenylene)ethane (general or specific),and/or a substituted bis(phenylene)propane (general or specific) whichcan be utilized as L^(1s) can be a hydrocarbyl group. Substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific) are independently disclosedherein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe asubstituted phenylene (general or specific), a substituted biphenylene(general or specific), a substituted bis(phenylene)methane (general orspecific), a substituted bis(phenylene)ethane (general or specific),and/or a substituted bis(phenylene)propane (general or specific) whichcan be utilized as L^(1s).

In some particular embodiments, the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex of the catalyst systems described herein can comprise,can consist essentially of, or can be, a diphosphino amine chromiumcompound complex, having Structure PNPCrC1 or Structure PNPCr2;alternatively, Structure PNPCr1; or alternatively, Structure PNPCr2.Generally, R^(1s), R^(2s), R^(3s), R^(4s), R^(5s), L^(1s), X, and p forthe diphosphino amine chromium compound complexes can be any groupdisclosed herein for the respective diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complexes having Structure PNPTMC1 and/or Structure PNPTMC2.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the diphosphinoamine ligand of thediphosphino amine transition metal compound complex can be any one ormore of PNP 1, PNP 2, PNP 3, PNP 4, PNP 5, and PNP 6 (Ph is phenyl). Insome non-limiting embodiments, the diphosphino amine transition metalcompound complex can be a chromium compound complex of any one or moreof PNP 1, PNP 2, PNP 3, PNP 4, PNP 5, and PNP 6. In other non-limitingembodiments, the diphosphino amine transition metal compound complex canbe a chromium(III) chloride or chromium(III) acetylacetonate complex ofany one or more of PNP 1, PNP 2, PNP 3, PNP 4, PNP 5, and PNP 6.

N²-Phosphinyl Amidine, N²-Phosphinyl Formamidine, and N²-PhosphinylGuanidine Ligands

In an aspect, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complexof the catalyst systems described herein can comprise, can consistessentially of, or can be, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcompound complex having the Structure NPFTMC1, an N²-phosphinyl amidinetransition metal compound complex having the Structure NPATMC1, or anN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex having theStructure GuTMC1, GuTMC2, GuTMC3, GuTMC4, or GuTMC5. In an embodiment,the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex of thecatalyst systems described herein can comprise, can consist essentiallyof, or can be, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compoundcomplex having the Structure NPFTMC1; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal compound complex having the Structure NPATMC1;or alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex having the Structure GuTMC1, GuTMC2, GuTMC3, GuTMC4, or GuTMC5;alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex having the Structure GuTMC1; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylguanidine transition metal compound complex having the Structure GuTMC2;alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex having the Structure GuTMC3; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylguanidine transition metal compound complex having the Structure GuTMC4;or alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplex having the Structure GuTMC5.

Within the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compound complexesand the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compound complexes, thenitrogen participating in a double bond with the central carbon atom isreferred to as the N¹ nitrogen and the nitrogen atom participating in asingle bond with the central carbon atom is referred to as the N²nitrogen. Similarly, within the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metalcompound complexes, the nitrogen participating in a double bond with thecentral carbon atom of the guanidine core is referred to as the N¹nitrogen, the nitrogen atom participating in a single bond with thecentral carbon atom of the guanidine core and a bond with the phosphorusatom of the phosphinyl group is referred to as the N² nitrogen, and theremaining nitrogen atom participating in a single bond with the centralcarbon atom of the guanidine core is referred to as the N³ nitrogen. Itshould be noted that the guanidine group of the guanidine in theN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes can be a portion of alarger group which does not contain guanidine in its name. For example,while the compound 7-dimethylphosphinylimidazo[1,2-a]imidazole could beclassified as a compound having an imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole core (or acompound having a phosphinylimidazo[1,2-a]imidazole group),7-dimethylphosphinylimidazo[1,2-a]imidazole would still be classified asa compound having a guanidine core (or as a compound having a guanidinegroup), since it contains the defined general structure of the guanidinecompound.

R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ within the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcomplexes having Structure NPFTMC1, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transitionmetal complexes having Structure NPATMC1, and the N²-phosphinylguanidine transition metal complexes having the Structures GuTMC1,GuTMC2, GuTMC3, GuTMC4, and/or GuTMC5 are independently described hereinand can be utilized without limitation to further describe theN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal complexes having StructureNPFTMC1, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes havingStructure NPATMC1, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metalcomplexes having the Structures GuTMC1, GuTMC2, GuTMC3, GuTMC4, and/orGuTMC5. Similarly, R² within the N²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compoundcomplexes having Structure NPACr1 are independently described herein andcan be utilized without limitation to further describe the N²-phosphinylamidine chromium compound complexes having Structure NPACr1. Similarly,R^(2a), R^(2b), L¹², L²², and L²³ within the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal complexes having the Structures GuTMC1, GuTMC2, GuTMC3,GuTMC4, or GuTMC5 are independently described herein and can be utilizedwithout limitation to further describe the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal complexes having the Structures GuTMC1, GuTMC2, GuTMC3,GuTMC4, and/or GuTMC5. MX_(p), Q, and q of the N²-phosphinyl formamidinetransition metal complexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metalcomplexes, and the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexesare independently described herein and can be utilized in anycombination, and without limitation, to further describe theN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal complexes, the N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal complexes, and the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal complexes. Additionally, MX_(p), Q, and q can becombined, without limitation, with the independently described R¹, R²,R³, R⁴, R⁵, R^(2a), R^(2b), L¹², L¹², and L²³ to further describe theN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal complexes, the N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal complexes, and the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal complexes which have an R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R^(2a),R^(2b), L¹², L¹², and/or L²³ group.

Generally, R¹ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcomplexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes, and/orthe N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes which have an R¹group can be an organyl group; alternatively, an organyl groupconsisting essentially of inert functional groups; or alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the R¹ organyl group of theN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal complexes, the N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal complexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal complexes, which have an R¹ group, can be a C₁ to C₂₀,a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment,the R¹ organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groupsof the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal complexes, theN²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes, and/or theN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes, which have an R¹group, can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groups. In anembodiment, the R¹ hydrocarbyl group of the N²-phosphinyl formamidinetransition metal complexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metalcomplexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metalcomplexes, which have an R¹ group, can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, R¹ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcomplexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes, and/orthe N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes, which have an R¹group, can be an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, a cycloalkylgroup, a substituted cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted arylgroup, an aralkyl group, or a substituted aralkyl group. In someembodiments, R¹ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcomplexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes, and/orthe N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes, which have an R¹group, can be an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group;alternatively, a cycloalkyl group or a substituted cycloalkyl group;alternatively, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; alternatively,an aralkyl group or a substituted aralkyl group; or alternatively, analkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. Inother embodiments, R¹ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metalcomplexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal complexes, and/orthe N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal complexes, which have an R¹group, can be an alkyl group; alternatively, a substituted alkyl group;alternatively, a cycloalkyl group; alternatively, a substitutedcycloalkyl group; alternatively, an aryl group; alternatively, asubstituted aryl group; alternatively, an aralkyl group; oralternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the alkyl group which canbe utilized as R¹ can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ alkylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the substitutedalkyl group which can be utilized as R¹ can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀,or a C₁ to C₅ substituted alkyl group. In any aspect or embodimentdisclosed herein, the cycloalkyl group which can be utilized as R¹ canbe a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In anyaspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the substituted cycloalkyl groupwhich can be utilized as R¹ can be a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ toC₁₀ substituted cycloalkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosedherein, the aryl group which can be utilized as R¹ can be a C₆ to C₂₀, aC₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ aryl group. In any aspect or embodimentdisclosed herein, the substituted aryl group which can be utilized as R¹can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ substituted aryl group.In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the aralkyl group whichcan be utilized as R¹ can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀aralkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, thesubstituted aralkyl group which can be utilized as R¹ can be a C₇ to C₂₀substituted aralkyl group; alternatively, a C₇ to C₁₅ substitutedaralkyl group; or alternatively, a C₇ to C₁₀ substituted aralkyl group.Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group (general or specific), asubstituted cycloalkyl group (general or specific), a substituted arylgroup (general or specific), and/or substituted aralkyl group (generalor specific) can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarboxygroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe R¹.

In an embodiment, R¹ can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, oran octyl group. In some embodiments, R¹ can be a methyl group, an ethylgroup, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl)group, or a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, amethyl group; alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl(1-propyl) group; alternatively, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group;alternatively, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group; or alternatively,a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group. In some embodiments, thealkyl groups which can be utilized as R¹ can be substituted. Eachsubstituent of a substituted alkyl group independently can be a halogenor a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; or alternatively, ahydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilizedwithout limitation to further describe a substituted alkyl group(general or specific) which can be utilized as R¹.

In an embodiment, R¹ can be a cyclopentyl group, a substitutedcyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a substituted cyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or a substituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group or a substituted cyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; or alternatively,a substituted cyclohexyl group. In an embodiment, the substitutedcycloalkyl group, which can be utilized as R¹, can be a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group or a2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group or a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup. In an embodiment, one or more substituents of a multi-substitutedcycloalkyl group utilized as R¹ can be the same or different;alternatively, all the substituents can be the same, or alternatively,all the substituents can be different. Each substituent of a substitutedcycloalkyl group (general or specific) having a specified number of ringcarbon atoms independently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group;alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxygroup. Substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general andspecific), and substituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific)are independently disclosed herein. These substituent halogens,substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituent hydrocarboxy groups canbe utilized without limitation to further describe a substitutedcycloalkyl group (general or specific) which can be utilized as R¹.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R¹ can be a cyclohexyl group, a2-alkylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group;alternatively, a cyclopentyl group, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group, or a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describealkylcyclohexyl (general and specific), dialkylcyclohexyl (general andspecific), alkylcyclopentyl (general and specific), and/ordialkylcyclopentyl (general and specific) groups which can be utilizedas R¹. Generally, the alkyl substituents of a disubstituted cyclohexylor cyclopentyl group can be the same, or alternatively, the alkylsubstituents can be different. In some non-limiting embodiments, R¹ canbe a 2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.In other non-limiting embodiments, R¹ can be a 2-methylcyclohexyl group,a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a 2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexylgroup, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group,or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.

In an embodiment, R¹ can be a phenyl group or a substituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a phenyl group; or alternatively, a substitutedphenyl group. In an embodiment, the substituted phenyl group which canbe utilized as R¹ can be a 2-substituted phenyl group, a 3-substitutedphenyl group, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenylgroup, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, a 3,5-disubstituted phenylgroup, or a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2-substituted phenyl group, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group or a 3,5-disubstitutedphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group or a4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenylgroup or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2,4-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl group; alternatively, a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; oralternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group. In an embodiment,one or more substituents of a multi-substituted phenyl group utilized asR¹ can be the same or different; alternatively, all the substituents canbe the same, or alternatively, all the substituents can be different.Each substituent of a substituted phenyl group (general or specific)independently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbylgroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy group can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe a substituted phenyl group (general orspecific) which can be utilized as R¹.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R¹ can be a phenyl group, a 2-alkylphenylgroup, a 3-alkylphenyl group, a 4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group, a 3,5-dialkylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a 2,6-dialkylphenylgroup, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenylgroup or a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 3-alkylphenyl groupor a 3,5-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group or a2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; or alternatively, a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describe anyalkyl substituted phenyl group which can be utilized as R¹. Generally,the alkyl substituents of dialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) ortrialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) can be the same, oralternatively, the alkyl substituents can be different. In somenon-limiting embodiments, R¹ can be a phenyl group, a 2-methylphenylgroup, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-tert-butylphenyl group, a2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a 2,6-diethylphenyl group, a2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a 2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group, a2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, or a 2-tert-butylphenyl group; oralternatively, a phenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a2,6-diethylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group.

In an embodiment, R¹ can be a benzyl group or a substituted benzylgroup; alternatively, a benzyl group; or alternatively, a substitutedbenzyl group. Each substituent of a substituted benzyl groupindependently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbylgroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe a substituted benzyl which can beutilized as R¹.

Generally, R² of the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compoundcomplexes can be an organyl group; alternatively, an organyl groupconsisting essentially of inert functional groups; or alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, R² of the N²-phosphinyl amidinetransition metal complexes can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to, ora C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment, R² of the N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal compound complexes can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ toC₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group consisting essentially ofinert functional groups. In an embodiment, R² of the N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal compound complexes can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ toC₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, R² of the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metalcompound complexes can be an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, acycloalkyl group, a substituted cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, asubstituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, or a substituted aralkylgroup. In some embodiments, R² can be an alkyl group or a substitutedalkyl group; alternatively, a cycloalkyl group or a substitutedcycloalkyl group; alternatively, an aryl group or a substituted arylgroup; alternatively, an aralkyl group or a substituted aralkyl group;or alternatively, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, oran aralkyl group. In other embodiments, R² can be an alkyl group;alternatively, a substituted alkyl group; alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, anaryl group; alternatively, a substituted aryl group; alternatively, anaralkyl group; or alternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, R² can be a C₁ to C₂₀, aC₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group. In any aspect or embodimentdisclosed herein, the substituted alkyl group which can be utilized asR² can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ substituted alkylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the cycloalkylgroup which can be utilized as R² can be a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or aC₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosedherein, the substituted cycloalkyl group which can be utilized as R² canbe a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ substituted cycloalkylgroup. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the aryl groupwhich can be utilized as R² can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ toC₁₀ aryl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, thesubstituted aryl group which can be utilized as R² can be a C₆ to C₂₀, aC₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ substituted aryl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, the aralkyl group which can be utilized asR² can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀ aralkyl group. In anyaspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the substituted aryl group whichcan be utilized as R² can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀substituted aralkyl group. Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group(general or specific), a substituted cycloalkyl group (general orspecific), a substituted aryl group (general or specific), and/orsubstituted aralkyl group (general or specific) can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarboxy groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe R².

In an embodiment, R² can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, oran octyl group. In some embodiments, R² can be a methyl group, an ethylgroup, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl)group, or a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, amethyl group; alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl(1-propyl) group; alternatively, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group;alternatively, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group; or alternatively,a neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group. In some embodiments, thealkyl groups which can be utilized as R² can be substituted. Eachsubstituent of a substituted alkyl group independently can be a halogenor a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; or alternatively, ahydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilizedwithout limitation to further describe a substituted alkyl group whichcan be utilized as R².

In an embodiment, R² can be a cyclopentyl group, a substitutedcyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a substituted cyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or a substituted cyclopentylgroup; or alternatively, a cyclohexyl group or a substituted cyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; or alternatively,a substituted cyclohexyl group. In an embodiment, the substitutedcycloalkyl group, which can be utilized as R², can be a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group or a2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group or a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup. In an embodiment, one or more substituents of a multi-substitutedcycloalkyl group utilized as R² can be the same or different;alternatively, all the substituents of a multi-substituted cycloalkylgroup can be the same; or alternatively, all the substituents of amulti-substituted cycloalkyl group can be different. Each substituent ofa cycloalkyl group having a specified number of ring carbon atomsindependently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbylgroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe a substituted cycloalkyl group (generalor specific) which can be utilized as R².

In a non-limiting embodiment, R² can be a cyclohexyl group, a2-alkylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group;alternatively, a cyclopentyl group, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group, or a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describealkylcyclohexyl groups (general or specific), dialkylcyclohexyl groups(general or specific), alkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific),and/or dialkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific) which can beutilized as R². Generally, the alkyl substituents of a disubstitutedcyclohexyl or cyclopentyl group can be the same, or alternatively, thealkyl substituents can be different. In some non-limiting embodiments,R² can be a 2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.In other non-limiting embodiments, R² can be a 2-methylcyclohexyl group,a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a 2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexylgroup, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group,or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.

In an embodiment, R² can be a phenyl group or a substituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a phenyl group; or alternatively, a substitutedphenyl group. In an embodiment, the substituted phenyl group can be a2-substituted phenyl group, a 3-substituted phenyl group, a4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group, or a2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenylgroup, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group,or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3-substitutedphenyl group or a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2-substituted phenyl group or a 4-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group or a 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstitutedphenyl group. In an embodiment, one or more substituents of amulti-substituted phenyl group utilized as R² can be the same ordifferent; alternatively, all the substituents can be the same, oralternatively, all the substituents can be different. Each substituentof a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) independently can bea halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively,a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R².

In a non-limiting embodiment, R² can be a phenyl group, a 2-alkylphenylgroup, a 3-alkylphenyl group, a 4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group, a 3,5-dialkylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a 2,6-dialkylphenylgroup, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenylgroup or a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl groupor a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 3-alkylphenyl group or a3,5-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group or a2,6-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 4-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group; or alternatively, a2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describe anyalkyl substituted phenyl group which can be utilized as R². Generally,the alkyl substituents of dialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) ortrialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) can be the same, oralternatively, the alkyl substituents can be different. In somenon-limiting embodiments, R² can be a phenyl group, a 2-methylphenylgroup, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-tert-butylphenyl group, a2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a 2,6-diethylphenyl group, a2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a 2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group, a2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, or a 2-tert-butylphenyl group; oralternatively, a phenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a2,6-diethylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R² can be a phenyl group, a 2-alkoxyphenylgroup, or a 4-alkoxyphenyl group. In some non-limiting embodiments, R²can be a phenyl group, a 2-methoxyphenyl group, a 2-ethoxyphenyl group,a 2-isopropoxyphenyl group, a 2-tert-butoxyphenyl group, a4-methoxyphenyl group, a 4-ethoxyphenyl group, a 4-isopropoxyphenylgroup, or a 4-tert-butoxyphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-methoxyphenylgroup, a 2-ethoxyphenyl group, a 2-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a2-tert-butoxyphenyl group; or alternatively, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a4-ethoxyphenyl group, a 4-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a4-tert-butoxyphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R² can be a phenyl group, a 2-halophenylgroup, a 4-halophenyl group, or a 2,6-dihalophenyl group. Generally, thehalides of a dihalophenyl group can be the same, or alternatively, thehalides can be different. In some embodiments, R² can be a phenyl group,a 2-fluorophenyl group, a 4-fluorophenyl group, or a 2,6-difluorophenylgroup.

In an embodiment, R² can be a benzyl group or a substituted benzylgroup; alternatively, a benzyl group; or alternatively, a substitutedbenzyl group. Each substituent of a substituted benzyl groupindependently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbylgroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy group can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe a substituted benzyl which can beutilized as R².

Generally, R^(2a) and/or R^(2b) of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes which have an R^(2a) and/or R^(2b)group independently can be hydrogen or an organyl group; alternatively,hydrogen; or alternatively, an organyl group. In another aspect, R^(2a)and/or R^(2b) independently can be hydrogen or an organyl groupconsisting essentially of inert functional groups; alternatively,hydrogen; or alternatively, an organyl group consisting essentially ofinert functional groups. In yet another aspect, R^(2a) and/or R^(2b)independently can be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively,hydrogen; or alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, the R^(2a) and R^(2b) organyl groups of theN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complexes, which havean R^(2a) and/or R^(2b) organyl group, independently can be a C₁ to C₂₀organyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅organyl group. In some embodiments, the R^(2a) and/or R^(2b) organylgroups consisting of inert functional group of the N²-phosphinylguanidine transition metal complexes, which have an R^(2a) and/or R^(2b)organyl consisting of inert functional groups, independently can be a C₁to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group consistingessentially of inert functional groups. In other embodiments, the R^(2a)and/or R^(2b) hydrocarbyl groups of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes, which have an R^(2a) and/or R^(2b)hydrocarbyl group, independently can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group.

In an embodiment, R^(2a) and R^(2b) of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes independently can be an alkyl group,a substituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a substituted cycloalkylgroup, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, or asubstituted aralkyl group. In some embodiments, R^(2a) and R^(2b) can bean alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group; alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup or a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, an aryl group ora substituted aryl group; alternatively, an aralkyl group or asubstituted aralkyl group; or alternatively, an alkyl group, acycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. In otherembodiments, R^(2a) and R^(2b) independently can be an alkyl group;alternatively, a substituted alkyl group; alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, anaryl group; alternatively, a substituted aryl group; alternatively, anaralkyl group; or alternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, R^(2a) and R^(2b)independently can be C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group.In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, the cycloalkyl group whichcan be utilized as R^(2a) and/or R^(2b) independently can be a C₄ toC₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, the substituted cycloalkyl group which canbe utilized as R^(2a) and/or R^(2b) independently can be a C₄ to C₂₀, aC₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ substituted cycloalkyl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, the aryl group which can be utilized asR^(2a) and/or R^(2b) independently can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or aC₆ to C₁₀ aryl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, thesubstituted aryl group which can be utilized as R^(2a) and/or R^(2b)independently can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀substituted aryl group. Each substituent of a substituted cycloalkylgroup (general or specific) and/or a substituted aryl group (general orspecific) can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituenthalogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), andsubstituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) are independentlydisclosed herein. These substituent halogens, substituent hydrocarboxygroups, and substituent hydrocarboxy groups can be utilized withoutlimitation to further describe R^(2a) and/or R^(2b).

In an aspect, R¹ and R^(2a) of the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transitionmetal complexes can be joined to form a group, L¹², wherein L¹², the N¹nitrogen atom, and the N³ nitrogen atom can form a ring or a ringsystem. In another aspect, R³ and R^(2b) of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes can be joined to form a group, L²³,wherein L²³, the N² nitrogen atom, and the N³ nitrogen atom can form aring or a ring system. In an embodiment, L¹² and/or L²³ independentlycan be an organylene group; alternatively, an organylene groupconsisting of inert functional groups; or alternatively, ahydrocarbylene group. The organylene group which can be utilized as L¹²and/or L²³ independently can be a C₂ to C₂₀, a C₂ to C₁₅, a C₂ to C₁₀,or a C₂ to C₅ organylene group. The organylene group consisting of inertfunctional groups which can be utilized as L¹² and/or L²³ independentlycan be a C₂ to C₂₀, a C₂ to C₁₅, a C₂ to C₁₀, or a C₂ to C₅ organylenegroup consisting of inert functional groups. The hydrocarbylene groupwhich can be utilized as L¹² and/or L²³ independently can be a C₂ toC₂₀, a C₂ to C₁₅, a C₂ to C₁₀, or a C₂ to C₅ hydrocarbylene group.

In an embodiment, L¹² and/or L²³ can have any structure provided inTable 1. In some embodiments, L¹² and/or L²³ can have Structure 1L,Structure 2L, Structure 3L, Structure 4L, or Structure 5L. In someembodiments, L¹² and/or L²³ can have Structure 2L or Structure 3L;alternatively, Structure 4L or Structure 5L. In other embodiments, L¹²and/or L²³ can have Structure 1L; alternatively, Structure 2L;alternatively, Structure 3L; alternatively, Structure 4L; oralternatively, Structure 5L. In some embodiments, L¹² and/or L²³ canhave Structure 6L. It should be noted that when L¹² has Structure 6L,the corresponding R^(2b) is null because of the double bond link(depicted as real but can be delocalized through aromatic resonance)with the N³ nitrogen atom of the N²-phosphinyl guanidine metal complex.

TABLE 1 Structures for Linking Groups L¹² and/or L²³.—(CR^(L1)R^(L2))_(m)— —CR^(L3)R^(L4) CR^(L5)R^(L6) _(m)——CR^(L3)R^(L4) CR^(L7)R^(L8) CR^(L5)R^(L6)— Structure 1L Structure 2LStructure 3L —CR^(11L)═CR^(12L)—

═CR^(L27)—CR^(L28)═CR^(L29)— Structure 4L Structure 5L Structure 6L

Within the structures of Table 1, the undesignated valencies representthe points at which L¹² and/or L²³, when present, attach to therespective nitrogen atoms of the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transitionmetal compound complex. Generally, m can be an integer ranging from 2 to5. In further embodiments, m can be 2 or 3; alternatively, m can be 2;or alternatively, m can be 3. R^(L1) and R^(L2) of the linking grouphaving Structure 1L, R^(L3), R^(L4), R^(L5), and R^(L6) of the linkinggroup having Structure 2L, R^(L3), R^(L4), R^(L5), R^(L6), R^(L7), andR^(L8) of the linking group having Structure 3L, R^(L11) and R^(L12) ofthe linking group having Structure 4L, R^(L23), R^(L24), R^(L25), andR^(L26) of the linking group having Structure 5L, and R^(L27), R^(L28),and R^(L29) of the linking group having Structure 6L independently canbe a hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent group; or alternatively,hydrogen. Non-hydrogen substituent groups (general and specific) areindependently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation tofurther describe the linking group having Structure 1L, Structure 2L,Structure 3L, Structure 4L, and/or Structure 5L. In an embodiment, L¹²and/or L²³ can be an eth-1,2-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂—), an ethen-1,2-ylenegroup (—CH═CH—), a prop-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), a1-methylethen-1,2-ylene group (—C(CH₃)═CH—), a but-1,3-ylene group(—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—), a 3-methylbut-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—), or aphen-1,2-ylene group. In some non-limiting embodiments, L¹² and/or L²³be an eth-1,2-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂—), a prop-1,3-ylene group(—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), a 1-methylethen-1,2-ylene group (—C(CH₃)═CH—), abut-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—), or a 3-methylbut-1,3-ylene group(—CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—); alternatively, an eth-1,2-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂—), anethen-1,2-ylene group (—CH═CH—), a prop-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—),or a phen-1,2-ylene group; alternatively, an eth-1,2-ylene group(—CH₂CH₂—) or a prop-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—); alternatively, anethen-1,2-ylene group (—CH═CH—) or a phen-1,2-ylene group. In otherembodiments, L¹² and/or L²³ can be an eth-1,2-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂—);alternatively, an ethen-1,2-ylene group (—CH═CH—); alternatively, aprop-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—); alternatively, a1-methylethen-1,2-ylene group (—C(CH₃)═CH—); alternatively, abut-,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—); alternatively, a3-methylbut-1,3-ylene group (—CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂—); or alternatively, aphen-1,2-ylene group. In some embodiments, L¹² and/or L²³ can be a—CH═CH—CH═group.

In an embodiment, L¹² can have a structure that can comprise at leastone substituent located on the carbon atom attached to the N¹ nitrogenatom of the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex;alternatively, can comprise only one substituent located on the carbonatom attached to the N¹ nitrogen atom of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complex; or alternatively, can comprise twosubstituents located on the carbon atom attached to the N¹ nitrogen atomof the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex. Inanother embodiment, L¹² can have a structure that can consist of onesubstituent located on the carbon atom attached to the N¹ nitrogen atomof the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex; oralternatively, can consist of two substituents located on the carbonatom attached to the N¹ nitrogen atom of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complex.

In an embodiment, R^(2a) and R^(2b) of the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes can be joined to form a group, L²²,wherein R^(2a), R^(2b), and the N³ nitrogen (or L²² and the N³ nitrogen)form a ring or ring system. In an embodiment, L²² of the N²-phosphinylguanidine transition metal compound complexes having an L²² group can bean organylene group; alternatively, an organylene group consisting ofinert functional groups; or alternatively, a hydrocarbylene group. Theorganylene group which can be utilized as L²² can be a C₃ to C₂₀, a C₃to C₁₅, or a C₃ to C₁₀ organylene group. The organylene group consistingof inert functional groups which can be utilized as L²² can be a C₃ toC₂₀, a C₃ to C₁₅, or a C₃ to C₁₀ organylene group consisting of inertfunctional groups. The hydrocarbylene group which can be utilized as L²²can be a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylene group.

In an embodiment, L²² can have any structure provided in Table 2. Insome embodiments, L²² can have Structure 11L, Structure 12L, Structure13L, Structure 14L, or Structure 15L. In other embodiments, L²² can haveStructure 11L; alternatively, Structure 12L; alternatively, Structure13L; alternatively, Structure 14L; or alternatively, Structure 15L.

TABLE 2 Structures for Linking Group L²². —(CR^(L31)R^(L32))_(n)—Structure 11L —CR^(L41)R^(L42)—CR^(L45)R^(L46) CR^(L47)R^(L48)CR^(L43)R^(L44)— Structure 12L—CR^(L41)R^(L42)—CR^(L45)R^(L46)—CR^(L49)R^(L50)—CR^(L47)R^(L48)—CR^(L43)R^(L44)—Structure 13L—CR^(L41)R^(L42)—CR^(L45)R^(L46)—O—CR^(L47)R^(L48)—CR^(L43)R^(L44)—Structure 14L —CR^(L51)═CR^(L53)—CR^(L54)═CR^(L52)— Structure 15L

Within the structures of Table 2, the undesignated valencies representthe points at which L²² of the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metalcompound complexes, when present, attach to the N³ nitrogen atom of theN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex. Generally, ncan be an integer ranging from 4 to 7. In further embodiments, n can be4 or 5; alternatively, n can be 4; or alternatively, n can be 5. R^(L31)and R^(L32) of the linking group having Structure 11L, R^(L41), R^(L42),R^(L43), R^(L44), R^(L45), R^(L46), R^(L47), and R^(L48) of the linkinggroup having Structure 12L, R^(L41), R^(L42), R^(L43), R^(L44), R^(L45),R^(L46), R^(L47), R^(L48), R^(L49), and R^(L50) of the linking grouphaving Structure 13L, R^(L4)1, R^(L42), R^(L43), R^(L44), R^(L45),R^(L46), R^(L47), and R^(L48) of the linking group having Structure 14L,and R^(L4)1, R^(L42), R^(L43), R^(L44), R^(L45), R^(L46), R^(L47), andR^(L48) of the linking group having Structure 15L, independently can bea hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent group; or alternatively,hydrogen. Non-hydrogen substituent groups (general and specific) areindependently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation tofurther describe the linking group having Structure 11L, Structure 12L,Structure 13L, Structure 14L, and/or Structure 15L. In an embodiment,L²² can be a but-1,4-ylene group, a pent-1,4-ylene group, apent-1,5-ylene group, a hex-2,5-ylene group, a hex-1,5-ylene group, ahept-2,5-ylene group, a buta-1,3-dien-1,4-ylene group, or abis(eth-2-yl)ether group; alternatively, a but-1,4-ylene group, apent-1,5-ylene group, or a bis(eth-2-yl)ether group; alternatively, abut-1,4-ylene group; alternatively, a pent-1,5-ylene group;alternatively, a buta-1,3-dien-1,4-ylene group; or alternatively, abis(eth-2-yl)ether group.

Generally, R³ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compoundcomplexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compoundcomplexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compoundcomplexes which have an R³ group can be hydrogen or an organyl group;alternatively, hydrogen or an organyl group consisting essentially ofinert functional groups; alternatively, hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group;alternatively, hydrogen; alternatively, an organyl group; alternatively,an organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groups; oralternatively, a hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the organyl groupwhich can utilized as R³ can be a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, aC₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment, the organylgroup consisting of inert functional groups which can utilized as R³ canbe a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groups. In anembodiment, the hydrocarbyl group which can utilized as R³ can be a C₁to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbylgroup. In other embodiments, R³ can be a C₁ to C₃₀, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ toC₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group. In yet other embodiments,R³ can be a phenyl group or a C₆ to C₃₀ substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a phenyl group or a C₆ to C₂₀ substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a phenyl group or a C₆ to C₁₅ substituted phenyl group;or alternatively, a phenyl group or a C₆ to C₁₀ substituted phenylgroup. Substituent groups (general and specific) are provided herein andthese general substituent groups can be utilized to further describe thesubstituted phenyl groups which can be utilized as R³.

Generally, R⁴ and/or R⁵ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transitionmetal compound complexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metalcompound complexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metalcompound complexes independently can be an organyl group; alternatively,an organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groups; oralternatively, a hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, the R⁴ and/or R⁵organyl groups independently can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ toC₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ organyl group. In an embodiment, the R⁴ and/or R⁵organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groupsindependently can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ toC₅ organyl group consisting essentially of inert functional groups. Inan embodiment, the R⁴ and/or R⁵ hydrocarbyl groups independently can bea C₁ to C₃₀ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₅,a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group. In further embodiments, R⁴and/or R⁵ can be joined to form a ring or a ring system.

In an embodiment, R⁴ and/or R⁵ of the N²-phosphinyl formamidinetransition metal compound complexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidinetransition metal compound complexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes independently can be an alkyl group,a substituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a substituted cycloalkylgroup, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, or asubstituted aralkyl group. In some embodiments, R⁴ and/or R⁵independently can be an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group;alternatively, a cycloalkyl group or a substituted cycloalkyl group;alternatively, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; alternatively,an aralkyl group or a substituted aralkyl group; or alternatively, analkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. Inother embodiments, R⁴ and/or R⁵ independently can be an alkyl group;alternatively, a substituted alkyl group; alternatively, a cycloalkylgroup; alternatively, a substituted cycloalkyl group; alternatively, anaryl group; alternatively, a substituted aryl group; alternatively, anaralkyl group; or alternatively, a substituted aralkyl group.

In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each alkyl group which canbe utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀,or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein,each substituted alkyl group which can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵independently can be a C₁ to C₂₀, a C₁ to C₁₀, or a C₁ to C₅ substitutedalkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, eachcycloalkyl group which can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ independently can bea C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ to C₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group. In any aspector embodiment disclosed herein, each substituted cycloalkyl group whichcan be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a C₄ to C₂₀, a C₄ toC₁₅, or a C₄ to C₁₀ substituted cycloalkyl group. In any aspect orembodiment disclosed herein, each aryl group which can be utilized as R⁴and R⁵ independently can be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀aryl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, eachsubstituted aryl group which can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ independentlycan be a C₆ to C₂₀, a C₆ to C₁₅, or a C₆ to C₁₀ substituted aryl group.In any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein, each aralkyl group whichcan be utilized R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅,or a C₇ to C₁₀ aralkyl group. In any aspect or embodiment disclosedherein, each substituted aryl group which can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵independently can be a C₇ to C₂₀, a C₇ to C₁₅, or a C₇ to C₁₀substituted aralkyl group. Each substituent of a substituted alkyl group(general or specific), a substituted cycloalkyl group (general orspecific), a substituted aryl group (general or specific), and/orsubstituted aralkyl group (general or specific) can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarboxy groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe R⁴ and/or R⁵.

In an embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a methyl group, anethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexylgroup, a heptyl group, or an octyl group. In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, an iso-propyl(2-propyl) group, a tert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group, or a neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group; alternatively, a methyl group;alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl (1-propyl)group; alternatively, an iso-propyl (2-propyl) group; alternatively, atert-butyl (2-methyl-2-propyl) group; or alternatively, a neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl) group. In some embodiments, the alkyl groupswhich can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ can be substituted. Each substituentof a substituted alkyl group independently can be a halogen or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; or alternatively, ahydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens and substituent hydrocarboxygroups are independently disclosed herein. These substituent halogensand substituent hydrocarboxy groups (general and specific) can beutilized without limitation to further describe a substituted alkylgroup which can be utilized as R⁴ and/or R⁵ independently.

In an embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a cyclopentyl group, asubstituted cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a substitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or a substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group or a substitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group; alternatively, asubstituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; oralternatively, a substituted cyclohexyl group. In an embodiment, thesubstituted cycloalkyl group which can be utilized for R⁴ and R⁵ can bea 2-substituted cyclohexyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group,a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentylgroup; alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclohexyl group or a 2-substitutedcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groupor a 2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a 2-substitutedcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-substituted cyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,6-disubstituted cyclopentyl group. In an embodiment, one or moresubstituents of a multi-substituted cycloalkyl group utilized as R⁴ andR⁵ can be the same or different; alternatively, all the substituents canbe the same, or alternatively, all the substituents can be different.Each substituent of a cycloalkyl group (general or specific) having aspecified number of ring carbon atoms independently can be a halogen, ahydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen ora hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted cycloalkyl group (general or specific) which canbe utilized as R⁴ and/or R⁵.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be acyclohexyl group, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-dialkylcyclohexylgroup; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group,or a 2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a2,6-dialkylcyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylcyclopentyl group; or alternatively, a2,5-dialkylcyclopentyl group. Alkyl substituent groups (general andspecific) are independently described herein and these alkyl substituentgroups can be utilized, without limitation, to further describealkylcyclohexyl groups (general or specific), dialkylcyclohexyl groups(general or specific), alkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific),and/or dialkylcyclopentyl groups (general or specific) which can beutilized as R⁴ and R⁵. Generally, the alkyl substituents of adisubstituted cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl group can be the same, oralternatively, the alkyl substituents can be different. In somenon-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexyl group, a2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.In other non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a2-methylcyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, a2-isopropylcyclohexyl group, or a 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl group; oralternatively, a 2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, a 2,6-diethylcyclohexylgroup, a 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl group, or a2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexyl group.

In an embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a phenyl group or asubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group; oralternatively, a substituted phenyl group. In an embodiment, thesubstituted phenyl group which can be utilized for R⁴ and R⁵ can be a2-substituted phenyl group, a 3-substituted phenyl group, a4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group, or a2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenylgroup, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group,or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3-substitutedphenyl group or a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a2-substituted phenyl group or a 4-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group or a 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group;alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstitutedphenyl group. In an embodiment, one or more substituents of amulti-substituted phenyl group utilized as R⁴ and R⁵ can be the same ordifferent; alternatively, all the substituents can be the same, oralternatively, all the substituents can be different. Each substituentof a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) independently can bea halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively,a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen, alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general and specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general and specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted phenyl group (general or specific) which can beutilized as R⁴ and/or R⁵.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a phenylgroup, a 2-alkylphenyl group, a 3-alkylphenyl group, a 4-alkylphenylgroup, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group, a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group, a3,5-dialkylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group; alternatively,a 2-alkylphenyl group, a 4-alkylphenyl group, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group,a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group or a 4-alkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group or a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 3-alkylphenyl group or a 3,5-dialkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group or a 2,6-dialkylphenyl group;alternatively, a 2-alkylphenyl group; alternatively, a 4-alkylphenylgroup; alternatively, a 2,4-dialkylphenyl group; alternatively, a2,6-dialkylphenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl group.Alkyl substituent groups (general and specific) are independentlydescribed herein and these alkyl substituent groups can be utilized,without limitation, to further describe any alkyl substituted phenylgroup which can be utilized as R⁴ and R⁵. Generally, the alkylsubstituents of dialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) ortrialkylphenyl groups (general or specific) can be the same, oralternatively, the alkyl substituents can be different. In somenon-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a phenyl group,a 2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group,a 2-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-tert-butylphenyl group, a2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a 2,6-diethylphenyl group, a2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a 2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group, a2-methylphenyl group, a 2-ethylphenyl group, a 2-n-propylphenyl group, a2-isopropylphenyl group, or a 2-tert-butylphenyl group; oralternatively, a phenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, a2,6-diethylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-n-propylphenyl group, a2,6-diisopropylphenyl group, a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl group, a2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R⁴ and/or R⁵ can be a phenyl group, a2-alkoxyphenyl group, or a 4-alkoxyphenyl group. In some non-limitingembodiments, R⁴ and/or R⁵ can be a phenyl group, a 2-methoxyphenylgroup, a 2-ethoxyphenyl group, a 2-isopropoxyphenyl group, a2-tert-butoxyphenyl group, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a 4-ethoxyphenylgroup, a 4-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a 4-tert-butoxyphenyl group;alternatively, a 2-methoxyphenyl group, a 2-ethoxyphenyl group, a2-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a 2-tert-butoxyphenyl group; oralternatively, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a 4-ethoxyphenyl group, a4-isopropoxyphenyl group, or a 4-tert-butoxyphenyl group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a phenylgroup, a 2-halophenyl group, a 4-halophenyl group, or a 2,6-dihalophenylgroup. Generally, the halides of a dihalophenyl group can be the same,or alternatively, the halides can be different. In some embodiments, R⁴and R⁵ independently can be a phenyl group, a 2-fluorophenyl group, a4-fluorophenyl group, or a 2,6-difluorophenyl group.

In an embodiment, R⁴ and R⁵ independently can be a benzyl group or asubstituted benzyl group; alternatively, a benzyl group; oralternatively, a substituted benzyl group. Each substituent of asubstituted benzyl group independently can be a halogen, a hydrocarbylgroup, or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen or ahydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarboxy group;alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group; oralternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. Substituent halogens, substituenthydrocarbyl groups (general or specific), and substituent hydrocarboxygroups (general or specific) are independently disclosed herein. Thesesubstituent halogens, substituent hydrocarbyl groups, and substituenthydrocarboxy groups can be utilized without limitation to furtherdescribe a substituted benzyl which can be utilized as R⁴ and/or R⁵.

Generally, the neutral ligand, Q, of the N²-phosphinyl formamidinetransition metal compound complexes, the N²-phosphinyl amidinetransition metal compound complexes, and/or the N²-phosphinyl guanidinetransition metal compound complexes, if present, independently can beany neutral ligand that forms an isolatable compound with theN²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compound complex, theN²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compound complex, and/or theN²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complex. In an aspect,each neutral ligand independently can be a nitrile or an ether;alternatively, a nitrile; or alternatively, an ether. The number ofneutral ligands, q, can be any number that forms an isolatable compoundwith the N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compound complexes,the N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compound complexes, and/orthe N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complexes. In anaspect, the number of neutral ligands can be from 0 to 6; alternatively,from 0 to 3; alternatively, 0; alternatively, 1; alternatively, 2;alternatively, 3; or alternatively, 4.

Generally, each nitrile ligand independently can be a C₂ to C₂₀ or a C₂to C₁₀ nitrile. In an embodiment, each nitrile ligand independently canbe a C₂ to C₂₀ aliphatic nitrile, a C₇ to C₂₀ aromatic nitrile, a C₈ toC₂₀ aralkane nitrile, or any combination thereof; alternatively, a C₂ toC₂₀ aliphatic nitrile; alternatively, a C₇ to C₂₀ aromatic nitrile; oralternatively, a C₈ to C₂₀ aralkane nitrile. In some embodiments, eachnitrile ligand independently can be a C₂ to C₁₀ aliphatic nitrile, a C₇to C₁₀, aromatic nitrile, a C₈ to C₁₀ aralkane nitrile, or anycombination thereof; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀ aliphatic nitrile;alternatively, a C₇ to C₁₀ aromatic nitrile; or alternatively, a C₈ toC₁₀ aralkane nitrile. In an embodiment, each aliphatic nitrileindependently can be acetonitrile, propionitrile, a butyronitrile,benzonitrile, or any combination thereof; alternatively, acetonitrile;alternatively, propionitrile; alternatively, a butyronitrile; oralternatively, benzonitrile.

Generally, each ether ligand independently can be a C₂ to C₄₀, a C₂ toC₃₀, or a C₂ to C₂₀ ether. In an embodiment, each ether ligandindependently can be a C₂ to C₄₀ aliphatic ether, a C₃ to C₄₀ aliphaticcyclic ether, a C₄ to C₄₀ aromatic cyclic ether; alternatively, a C₂ toC₄₀ aliphatic acyclic ether or a C₃ to C₄₀ aliphatic cyclic ether;alternatively, a C₂ to C₄₀ aliphatic acyclic ether; alternatively, a C₃to C₄₀ aliphatic cyclic ether; or alternatively, a C₄ to C₄₀ aromaticcyclic ether. In some embodiments, each ether ligand independently canbe a C₂ to C₃₀ aliphatic ether, a C₃ to C₃₀ aliphatic cyclic ether, a C₄to C₃₀ aromatic cyclic ether; alternatively, a C₂ to C₃₀ aliphaticacyclic ether or a C₃ to C₃₀ aliphatic cyclic ether; alternatively, a C₂to C₃₀ aliphatic acyclic ether; alternatively, a C₃ to C₃₀ aliphaticcyclic ether; or alternatively, a C₄ to C₃₀ aromatic cyclic ether. Inother embodiments, each ether ligand independently can be a C₂ to C₂₀aliphatic ether, a C₃ to C₂₀ aliphatic cyclic ether, or a C₄ to C₂₀aromatic cyclic ether; alternatively, a C₂ to C₂₀ aliphatic acyclicether or a C₃ to C₂₀ aliphatic cyclic ether; alternatively, a C₂ to C₂₀aliphatic acyclic ether; alternatively, a C₃ to C₂₀ aliphatic cyclicether; or alternatively, a C₄ to C₂₀ aromatic cyclic ether. In someembodiments, each ether ligand independently can be dimethyl ether,diethyl ether, a dipropyl ether, a dibutyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, amethyl propyl ether, a methyl butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, adihydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydropyran, a dihydropyran, a pyran, adioxane, furan, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran,diphenyl ether, a ditolyl ether, or any combination thereof;alternatively, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, a dipropyl ether, adibutyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, a methyl propyl ether, a methyl butylether, or any combination thereof; alternatively, tetrahydrofuran, adihydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydropyran, a dihydropyran, a pyran, adioxane, or any combination thereof; alternatively, furan, benzofuran,isobenzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, or any combination thereof;alternatively, diphenyl ether, a ditolyl ether, or any combinationthereof; alternatively, dimethyl ether; alternatively, diethyl ether;alternatively, a dipropyl ether; alternatively, a dibutyl ether;alternatively, methyl ethyl ether; alternatively, a methyl propyl ether;alternatively, a methyl butyl ether; alternatively, tetrahydrofuran;alternatively, a dihydrofuran; alternatively, 1,3-dioxolane;alternatively, tetrahydropyran; alternatively, a dihydropyran;alternatively, a pyran; alternatively, a dioxane; alternatively, furan;alternatively, benzofuran; alternatively, isobenzofuran; alternatively,isobenzofuran; alternatively, dibenzofuran; alternatively, diphenylether; or alternatively, a ditolyl ether.

In some particular embodiments, the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex can comprise, can consist essentially of, or can be, anN²-phosphinyl formamidine chromium compound complex having the StructureNPFCr1, an N²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compound complex having theStructure NPACr1, or an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compoundcomplex having the Structure GuCr1, GuCr2, GuCr3, GuCr4, or GuCr5;alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromium compound complexhaving the Structure NPFCr1; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl amidinechromium compound complex having the Structure NPACr1; or alternatively,an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex having theStructure GuCr1, GuCr2, GuCr3, GuCr4, or GuCr5; alternatively, anN²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex having the StructureGuCr1; alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compoundcomplex having the Structure GuCr2; alternatively, an N²-phosphinylguanidine chromium compound complex having the Structure GuCr3;alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complexhaving the Structure GuCr4; or alternatively, an N²-phosphinyl guanidinechromium compound complex having the Structure GuCr5.

Generally, R¹, R², R^(2a), R^(2b), R³, R⁴, R⁵, L¹², L²³, L²³, X, p, Q,and q for the N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromium compound complexes,N²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compound complexes, and N²-phosphinylguanidine chromium compound complexes can be any group disclosed hereinfor the respective N²-phosphinyl formamidine transition metal compoundcomplexes, N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compound complexes,and N²-phosphinyl guanidine transition metal compound complexes.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromiumcompound complex can be any one or more of NPFCr I, NPFCr II, NPFCrRIII, NPFCr IV, NPFCr V, and NPFCr VI. In a non-limiting embodiment, theN²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compound complex can be any one or moreof NPACR I, NPACR II, NPACr III, NPACr IV, NPACr V, NPACr VI, NPACr VII,NPACr VIII, NPACr IX, NPACr X, NPACr XI, and NPACr XII. In anon-limiting embodiment, the N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compoundcomplex can be any one or more of GuFCr I, GuCr II, GuCr III, GuCr IV,GuCr V, and GuCr VI.

In a non-limiting embodiments, the chromium compound, CrX₃, of any ofNPFCr I, NPFCr II, NPFCrR III, NPFCr IV, NPFCr V, NPFCr VI, NPACR I,NPACR II, NPACr III, NPACr IV, NPACr V, NPACr VI, NPACr VII, NPACr VIII,NPACr IX, NPACr X, NPACr XI, NPACr XII, GuFCr I, GuCr II, GuCr III, GuCrIV, GuCr V, and GuCr VI can be chromium(III) chloride or chromium(III)acetylacetonate; alternatively, chromium(III) chloride; oralternatively, chromium(III) acetylacetonate.

Chemically-Treated Solid Oxides

In the catalyst systems and oligomerization processes disclosed herein,any suitable chemically-treated solid oxide can be employed, whether onechemically-treated solid oxide or a mixture or combination of two ormore different chemically-treated solid oxides. In one embodiment, thechemically-treated solid oxide can comprise a solid oxide treated withan electron-withdrawing anion. Alternatively, in another embodiment, thechemically-treated solid oxide can comprise a solid oxide treated withan electron-withdrawing anion, the solid oxide containing a Lewis-acidicmetal ion. Non-limiting examples of suitable chemically-treated solidoxides are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,294,599,7,601,665, 7,884,163, 8,309,485, 8,623,973, 8,703,886, and 9,023,959.

The solid oxide can encompass oxide materials such as alumina, “mixedoxides” thereof such as silica-alumina, coatings of one oxide onanother, and combinations and mixtures thereof. The mixed oxides such assilica-alumina can be single or multiple chemical phases with more thanone metal combined with oxygen to form the solid oxide. Examples ofmixed oxides that can be used to form a chemically-treated solid oxide,either singly or in combination, can include, but are not limited to,silica-alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, alumina-titania,alumina-zirconia, zinc-aluminate, alumina-boria, silica-boria,aluminophosphate-silica, and titania-zirconia. The solid oxide usedherein also can encompass oxide materials such as silica-coated alumina,as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,884,163 (e.g., Sasol Siral® 28, SasolSiral® 40, etc.)

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the solid oxide can comprise silica,alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, aluminum phosphate,aluminophosphate, heteropolytungstate, titania, silica-titania,zirconia, silica-zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, any mixed oxidethereof, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the solidoxide can comprise alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina,aluminum phosphate, aluminophosphate, heteropolytungstate, titania,silica-titania, zirconia, silica-zirconia, magnesia, boria, or zincoxide, as well as any mixed oxide thereof, or any mixture thereof. Thesolid oxides contemplated herein can have any suitable surface area,pore volume, and particle size, as would be recognized by those of skillin the art. In another embodiment, the solid oxide can comprise silica,alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, any mixed oxidethereof, or any combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, thesolid oxide can comprise silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina,silica-titania, silica-zirconia, alumina-boria, or any combinationthereof. In still another embodiment, the solid oxide can comprisesilica, alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, or any mixturethereof; alternatively, silica; alternatively, alumina; alternatively,silica-alumina; or alternatively, silica-coated alumina.

The silica-coated alumina solid oxide materials which can be used in thecatalyst systems and oligomerization processes often are alumina-rich,for instance, the weight ratio of alumina to silica (alumina:silica) inthe silica-coated alumina can be in a range from 1.05:1 to 50:1, from1.1:1 to 50:1, or from 1.2:1 to 50:1. In one embodiment, the weightratio of alumina:silica in the silica-coated alumina can be in a rangefrom 1.05:1 to 25:1; alternatively, from 1.05:1 to 12:1; alternatively,from 1.05:1 to 6:1; or alternatively, from 1.05:1 to 4:1. In anotherembodiment, the weight ratio of alumina:silica in the silica-coatedalumina can be in a range from 1.1:1 to 25:1; alternatively, from 1.1:1to 12:1; alternatively, from 1.1:1 to 7:1; or alternatively, from 1.1:1to 3:1. In yet another embodiment, the weight ratio of alumina:silica inthe silica-coated alumina can be in a range from 1.2:1 to 25:1;alternatively, from 1.2:1 to 12:1; alternatively, from 1.2:1 to 6:1;alternatively, from 1.2:1 to 4:1; or alternatively, from 1.2:1 to 3:1.In still another embodiment, the weight ratio of alumina:silica in thesilica-coated alumina can be in a range from 1.3:1 to 25:1;alternatively, from 1.3:1 to 12:1; alternatively, from 1.3:1 to 6:1;alternatively, from 1.3:1 to 4:1; or alternatively, from 1.3:1 to 3:1.

The electron-withdrawing component used to treat the solid oxide can beany component that can increase the Lewis or Brønsted acidity of thesolid oxide upon treatment (as compared to the solid oxide that is nottreated with at least one electron-withdrawing anion). According to oneembodiment, the electron-withdrawing component can be anelectron-withdrawing anion derived from a salt, an acid, or othercompound, such as a volatile organic compound, that serves as a sourceor precursor for that anion. Examples of electron-withdrawing anions caninclude, but are not limited to, sulfate, bisulfate, fluoride, chloride,bromide, iodide, fluorosulfate, fluoroborate, phosphate, acetate,fluorophosphate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, fluorozirconate,fluorotitanate, phospho-tungstate, tungstate, and molybdate, includingmixtures and combinations thereof. In addition, other ionic or non-ioniccompounds that serve as sources for these electron-withdrawing anionsalso can be employed. It is contemplated that the electron-withdrawinganion can be, or can comprise, fluoride, chloride, bromide, phosphate,triflate, bisulfate, or sulfate, or any combination thereof, in someembodiments provided herein. In other embodiments, theelectron-withdrawing anion can comprise sulfate, bisulfate, fluoride,chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorosulfate, fluoroborate, phosphate,acetate, fluorophosphate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, fluorozirconate,fluorotitanate, or combinations thereof. Yet, in other embodiments, theelectron-withdrawing anion can comprise sulfate, fluoride, chloride, orcombinations thereof; alternatively, sulfate; alternatively, fluorideand chloride; or alternatively, fluoride.

The chemically-treated solid oxide generally can contain from 1 to 30wt. % of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on the weight of thechemically-treated solid oxide. In particular embodiments providedherein, the chemically-treated solid oxide can contain from 1 to 20 wt.%, from 2 to 20 wt. %, from 3 to 20 wt. %, from 2 to 15 wt. %, from 3 to15 wt. %, from 3 to 12 wt. %, from 4 to 10 wt. %, or from 5 to 9 wt. %,of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on the total weight of thechemically-treated solid oxide.

In an embodiment, the chemically-treated solid oxide can comprisefluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromided alumina, sulfatedalumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina, bromidedsilica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia,chlorided silica-zirconia, bromided silica-zirconia, sulfatedsilica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania, fluorided silica-coatedalumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfatedsilica-coated alumina, or phosphated silica-coated alumina, as well asany mixture or combination thereof. In another embodiment, thechemically-treated solid oxide employed in the catalyst systems andoligomerization processes described herein can be, or can comprise, afluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide, non-limitingexamples of which can include fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina,fluorided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluoridedsilica-zirconia, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chloridedsilica-coated alumina, or sulfated silica-coated alumina, as well ascombinations thereof. In yet another embodiment, the chemically-treatedsolid oxide can comprise fluorided alumina; alternatively, chloridedalumina; alternatively, sulfated alumina; alternatively, fluoridedsilica-alumina; alternatively, sulfated silica-alumina; alternatively,fluorided silica-zirconia; alternatively, chlorided silica-zirconia;alternatively, sulfated silica-coated alumina; alternatively,fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina; or alternatively, fluoridedsilica-coated alumina. In some embodiments, the chemically-treated solidoxide can comprise a fluorided solid oxide, while in other embodiments,the chemically-treated solid oxide can comprise a sulfated solid oxide.

Various processes can be used to form chemically-treated solid oxidesuseful in the present invention. Methods of contacting the solid oxidewith the electron-withdrawing component, suitable electron withdrawingcomponents and addition amounts, impregnation with metals or metal ions(e.g., zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, silver, copper, gallium, tin,tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, or combinations thereof), variouscalcining procedures and conditions (e.g., calcining temperatures in arange from 300° C. to 900° C., from 400° C. to 800° C., or from 500° C.to 700° C.), calcination times (e.g., calcination times in a range from1 minute to 24 hours, from 5 minutes to 10 hours, or from 20 minutes to6 hours), calcination equipment (e.g., calcination equipment such as arotary kiln, muffle furnace, or fluidized bed, among other methods ofconveying heat), and calcination atmospheres (e.g., dry or humidcalcination atmospheres, oxidizing calcination atmospheres such as airor oxygen, reducing calcination atmospheres such as carbon monoxide orhydrogen, or non-reactive calcination atmospheres like nitrogen orargon) are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,230,6,165,929, 6,294,494, 6,300,271, 6,316,553, 6,355,594, 6,376,415,6,388,017, 6,391,816, 6,395,666, 6,524,987, 6,548,441, 6,548,442,6,576,583, 6,613,712, 6,632,894, 6,667,274, 6,750,302, 7,294,599,7,601,665, 7,884,163, and 8,309,485. Other suitable processes andprocedures for preparing chemically-treated solid oxides (e.g.,chemically-treated silica-coated aluminas, such as fluoridedsilica-coated alumina) are well known to those of skill in the art.

Organoaluminum Compounds

Generally, the organoaluminum compound utilized in the catalyst systemsdisclosed herein can be any organoaluminum compound which can catalyzethe formation of an oligomer product. In an aspect, the organoaluminumcompound can comprise an aluminoxane, an alkylaluminum compound, or acombination thereof; alternatively, an aluminoxane; or alternatively, analkylaluminum compound. In an embodiment, the alkylaluminum compound canbe a trialkylaluminum, an alkylaluminum halide, an alkylaluminumalkoxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thealkylaluminum compound can be a trialkylaluminum, an alkylaluminumhalide, or any combination thereof; alternatively, a trialkylaluminum,an alkylaluminum halide, or any combination thereof; or alternatively, atrialkylaluminum. In other embodiments, the alkylaluminum compound canbe a trialkylaluminum; alternatively, an alkylaluminum halide; oralternatively, an alkylaluminum alkoxide.

In an aspect, each alkyl group of any alkylaluminum compound disclosedherein (trialkylaluminum, alkylaluminum halide, or alkylaluminumalkoxide) independently can be, comprise, or consist essentially of, aC₁ to C₂₀ alkyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl group; oralternatively, a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group. In an embodiment, each alkylgroup of any alkylaluminum compound disclosed herein independently canbe, comprise, or consist essentially of, a methyl group, an ethyl group,a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptylgroup, or an octyl group; alternatively, a methyl group, an ethyl group,a butyl group, a hexyl group, or an octyl group. In some embodiments,each alkyl group independently can be, comprise, or consist essentiallyof, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group,an iso-butyl group, an n-hexyl group, or an n-octyl group;alternatively, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, or aniso-butyl group; alternatively, a methyl group; alternatively, an ethylgroup; alternatively, an n-propyl group; alternatively, an n-butylgroup; alternatively, an iso-butyl group; alternatively, an n-hexylgroup; or alternatively, an n-octyl group.

In an aspect, each halide of any alkylaluminum halide disclosed hereincan be, comprise, or consist essentially of, chloride, bromide, oriodide. In some embodiments, each halide of any alkylaluminum halidedisclosed herein can be, comprise, or consist essentially of, chlorideor bromide; or alternatively, chloride.

In an aspect, each alkoxide group of any alkylaluminum alkoxidedisclosed herein independently can be, comprise, or consist essentiallyof, a C₁ to C₂₀ alkoxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy group;or alternatively, a C₁ to C₆ alkoxy group. In an embodiment, eachalkoxide group of any alkylaluminum alkoxide disclosed hereinindependently can be, comprise, or consist essentially of, a methoxygroup, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentoxygroup, a hexoxy group, a heptoxy group, or an octoxy group;alternatively, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a butoxy group, ahexoxy group, or an octoxy group. In some embodiments, each alkoxidegroup of any alkylaluminum alkoxide disclosed herein independently canbe, comprise, or consist essentially of, a methoxy group, an ethoxygroup, an n-propoxy group, an n-butoxy group, an iso-butoxy group, ann-hexoxy group, or an n-octoxy group; alternatively, a methoxy group, anethoxy group, an n-butoxy group, or an iso-butoxy group; alternatively,a methoxy group; alternatively, an ethoxy group; alternatively, ann-propoxy group; alternatively, an n-butoxy group; alternatively, aniso-butoxy group; alternatively, an n-hexoxy group; or alternatively, ann-octoxy group.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the trialkylaluminum compound can be,comprise, or consist essentially of, trimethylaluminum,triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, trihexylaluminum,trioctylaluminum, or mixtures thereof. In some non-limiting embodiments,the trialkylaluminum compound can be, comprise, or consist essentiallyof, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum,tri-n-butylaluminum, tri-isobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum,tri-n-octylaluminum, or mixtures thereof; alternatively,triethylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, tri-isobutylaluminum,trihexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, or mixtures thereof;alternatively, triethylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, trihexylaluminum,tri-n-octylaluminum, or mixtures thereof. In other non-limitingembodiments, the trialkylaluminum compound can be, comprise, or consistessentially of, trimethylaluminum; alternatively, triethylaluminum;alternatively, tripropylaluminum; alternatively, tri-n-butylaluminum;alternatively, tri-isobutylaluminum; alternatively, trihexylaluminum; oralternatively, tri-n-octylaluminum.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the alkylaluminum halide can be, comprise,or consist essentially of, diethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminumbromide, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, ormixtures thereof. In some non-limiting embodiments, the alkylaluminumhalide can be, comprise, or consist essentially of, diethylaluminumchloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, ormixtures thereof. In other non-limiting embodiments, the alkylaluminumhalide can be, comprise, or consist essentially of, diethylaluminumchloride; alternatively, diethylaluminum bromide; alternatively,ethylaluminum dichloride; or alternatively, ethylaluminumsesquichloride.

In particular aspects of this invention, the organoaluminum compound cancomprise trimethylaluminum (TMA), triethylaluminum (TEA),tri-n-propylaluminum (TNPA), tri-n-butylaluminum (TNBA),triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum(TNOA), diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum ethoxide,diethylaluminum chloride, or combinations thereof.

Aluminoxanes

In a non-limiting embodiment, the aluminoxane can have a repeating unitcharacterized by the Formula I:

wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkyl group. Alkyl groups for thealuminoxane compounds are independently described herein and can beutilized without limitation to further describe the aluminoxanes havingFormula I. Generally, n of Formula I can be greater than 1, oralternatively, greater than 2. In an embodiment, n can range from 2 to15, or alternatively, n can range from 3 to 10.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the aluminoxane can be, comprise, orconsist essentially of, methylaluminoxane (MAO), ethylaluminoxane,modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), n-propylaluminoxane,iso-propyl-aluminoxane, n-butylaluminoxane, sec-butylaluminoxane,iso-butylaluminoxane, t-butylaluminoxane, 1-pentyl-aluminoxane,2-pentyl-aluminoxane, 3-pentyl-aluminoxane, iso-pentyl-aluminoxane,neopentylaluminoxane, or mixtures thereof. In some non-limitingembodiments, the aluminoxane can be, comprise, or consist essentiallyof, methylaluminoxane (MAO), modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), isobutylaluminoxane, t-butyl aluminoxane, or mixtures thereof. In othernon-limiting embodiments, the aluminoxane can be, comprise, or consistessentially of, methylaluminoxane (MAO); alternatively,ethylaluminoxane; alternatively, modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO);alternatively, n-propylaluminoxane; alternatively,iso-propyl-aluminoxane; alternatively, n-butylaluminoxane;alternatively, sec-butylaluminoxane; alternatively,iso-butylaluminoxane; alternatively, t-butyl aluminoxane; alternatively,1-pentyl-aluminoxane; alternatively, 2-pentylaluminoxane; alternatively,3-pentyl-1aluminoxane; alternatively, iso-pentyl-aluminoxane; oralternatively, neopentylaluminoxane.

Processes for Preparing the Catalyst Systems

Generally, the process for preparing the catalyst system can comprise(or consist essentially of, or consist of) contacting a heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, a chemically-treated solidoxide, and an organoaluminum compound to form a catalyst system mixture.In some embodiments the catalyst system mixture can be aged for a periodof time. Typically, the minimum aging time can be 5 seconds, 10 seconds,30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes; additionallyor alternatively, the maximum aging time can be 48 hours, 36 hours, 24hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2 hours. Generally, theaging time can be in a range from any minimum time disclosed herein toany maximum time disclosed herein. Accordingly, suitable non-limitingranges for the aging time can include the following: from 5 seconds to48 hours, from 10 seconds to 36 hours, from 30 seconds to 24 hours, from1 minute to 18 hours, from 5 minutes to 6 hours, from 10 minutes to 4hours, or from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Other appropriate ranges for theaging time are readily apparent from this disclosure. In furtherembodiments, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,the chemically-treated solid oxide, and the organoaluminum compound canbe contacted and/or aged at any suitable temperature, ranging fromsub-ambient temperatures, to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.),to elevated temperatures. While not limited thereto, the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, the chemically-treated solidoxide, and the organoaluminum compound can be contacted and/or aged at atemperature in a range from 0° C. to 100° C., from 10° C. to 75° C.,from 15° C. to 60° C., or from 20° C. to 40° C. In these and otherembodiments, these temperature ranges also are meant to encompasscircumstances where the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex, the chemically-treated solid oxide, and the organoaluminumcompound can be contacted and/or the catalyst system aged at a series ofdifferent temperatures, instead of at a single fixed temperature,falling within the respective ranges.

Various catalyst system preparation processes relating to how theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex (one or more), thechemically-treated solid oxide (one or more), and the organoaluminumcompound (one or more) can be contacted are disclosed and describedherein. While these processes for preparing the catalyst systems may bereferred to as a first process, second process, third process etc.,these designations do not imply that there is any preference oradvantage to the process for preparing the catalyst system. A firstprocess for preparing the catalyst system can comprise (or consistessentially of, or consist of): (i) contacting a chemically-treatedsolid oxide and an organoaluminum compound for a first period of time toform a precontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting the precontactedmixture with a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex fora second period of time to form the catalyst system.

A second process for preparing a catalyst system in accordance with thisinvention can comprise: (i) contacting a heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex and an organoaluminum compound for a first periodof time to form a precontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting theprecontacted mixture with a chemically-treated solid oxide for a secondperiod of time to form the catalyst system.

Generally, the features of any of the first and second processes forpreparing the catalyst system disclosed herein (e.g., the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, the chemically-treated solidoxide, the organoaluminum compound, the first period of time, and thesecond period of time, among others) are independently described herein,and these features can be combined in any combination to furtherdescribe the disclosed first and second processes for preparing thecatalyst system. Moreover, other process steps can be conducted before,during, and/or after any of the steps listed in the disclosed first andsecond processes for preparing the catalyst system, unless statedotherwise. Additionally, catalyst systems produced in accordance withthe disclosed first and second processes for preparing the catalystsystem are within the scope of this disclosure and are encompassedherein.

The duration of the precontacting step (the first period of time) in thefirst and second processes for preparing the catalyst system is notlimited to any particular period of time. Likewise, assuming that thecatalyst system is not intended for long term storage, which couldextend for days or weeks, the second period of time in not limited toany particular period of time. The appropriate first period of time andsecond period of time independently can depend upon, for example, therelative amounts of the respective catalyst system components, thetemperatures at which the components are contacted, the presence ofdiluents or solvents in the contacting steps, and the degree of mixing,among other variables. Typically, however, the minimum first period oftime and second period of time, independently, can be 5 seconds, 10seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes;additionally or alternatively, the maximum first period of time andsecond period of time, independently, can be 48 hours, 36 hours, 24hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2 hours. Generally, thefirst period of time and the second period of time can be in a rangefrom any minimum time disclosed herein to any maximum time disclosedherein. Accordingly, suitable non-limiting ranges for the first periodof time and the second period of time independently can include thefollowing: from 5 seconds to 48 hours, from 10 seconds to 36 hours, from30 seconds to 24 hours, from 1 minute to 18 hours, from 5 minutes to 6hours, from 10 minutes to 4 hours, or from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Otherappropriate ranges for the first period of time and the second period oftime are readily apparent from this disclosure.

Steps (i) and (ii) of the first and second processes for preparing thecatalyst system can be conducted at any suitable temperature, rangingfrom sub-ambient temperatures, to ambient temperature (approximately 25°C.), to elevated temperatures. While not limited thereto, step (i) andstep (ii), independently can be conducted at a temperature in a rangefrom 0° C. to 100° C., from 10° C. to 75° C., from 15° C. to 60° C., orfrom 20° C. to 40° C. In these and other embodiments, these temperatureranges also are meant to encompass circumstances where step (i) or step(ii) is conducted at a series of different temperatures, instead of at asingle fixed temperature, falling within the respective ranges.

In the first and second processes for preparing the catalyst system, therespective catalyst system components can be in any suitable phase andcontacted in any manner. For instance, the chemically-treated solidoxide can be contacted with the other catalyst system components as adry solid, or alternatively, as a slurry in a suitable diluent.Likewise, the organoaluminum compound can be contacted with the othercatalyst system components as a neat liquid, or alternatively, as asolution in a suitable diluent.

A third process for preparing a catalyst system in accordance with thisinvention can comprise: (i) contacting a chemically-treated solid oxideand a first organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form afirst mixture; (ii) contacting a heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex and a second organoaluminum compound for a secondperiod of time to form a second mixture; and (iii) contacting the firstmixture with the second mixture for a third period of time to form thecatalyst system.

Generally, the features of the third process for preparing the catalystsystem (e.g., the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,the chemically-treated solid oxide, the organoaluminum compound, thefirst period of time, the second period of time, and the third period oftime, among others) are independently described herein, and thesefeatures can be combined in any combination to further describe thethird process for preparing the catalyst system. Moreover, other processsteps can be conducted before, during, and/or after any of the stepslisted in the disclosed third process for preparing the catalyst system,unless stated otherwise. Additionally, catalyst systems produced inaccordance with this process are within the scope of this disclosure andare encompassed herein.

The duration of the organoaluminum precontacting steps (the first periodof time and the second period of time) in the process for preparing thecatalyst system is not limited to any particular period of time.Likewise, assuming that the catalyst system is not intended for longterm storage, which could extend for days or weeks, the third period oftime in not limited to any particular period of time. The appropriatefirst period of time, second period of time, and third period of timeindependently can depend upon, for example, the relative amounts of therespective catalyst system components, the temperatures at which thecomponents are contacted, the presence of diluents or solvents in thecontacting steps, and the degree of mixing, among other variables.Typically, however, the minimum first period of time, second period oftime, and third period of time, independently, can be 5 seconds, 10seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes;additionally or alternatively, the maximum first period of time, secondperiod of time, and third period of time, independently, can be 48hours, 36 hours, 24 hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2hours. Generally, the first period of time, the second period of time,and the third period of time independently can be in a range from anyminimum time disclosed herein to any maximum time disclosed herein.Accordingly, suitable non-limiting ranges for the first period of time,the second period of time, and the third period of time can include thefollowing: from 5 seconds to 48 hours, from 10 seconds to 36 hours, from30 seconds to 24 hours, from 1 minute to 18 hours, from 5 minutes to 6hours, from 10 minutes to 4 hours, or from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Otherappropriate ranges for the first period of time, the second period oftime, and the third period of time are readily apparent from thisdisclosure.

As with the other processes for preparing catalyst systems in accordancewith this invention, steps (i), (ii), and (iii) of the third process forpreparing the catalyst system can be conducted at any suitabletemperature, and the respective catalyst system components can be in anysuitable phase and contacted in any manner, as would be recognized byone of skill in the art. Moreover, the first organoaluminum compound instep (i) can be the same as or different from the second organoaluminumcompound in step (ii).

A fourth process for preparing the catalyst system can comprise (orconsist essentially of, or consist of): i) contacting thechemically-treated solid oxide and the heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex for a first period of time to form a precontactedmixture, ii) contacting the precontacted mixture with the organoaluminumcompound for a second period of time to form the catalyst system.Generally, the features of the fourth process for preparing the catalystsystem (e.g., the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,the chemically-treated solid oxide, the organoaluminum compound, thefirst period of time, and the second period of time, among others) areindependently described herein, and these features can be combined inany combination to further describe the fourth process for preparing thecatalyst system. Moreover, other process steps can be conducted before,during, and/or after any of the steps listed in the disclosed fourthprocess for preparing the catalyst system, unless stated otherwise.Additionally, catalyst systems produced in accordance with this processare within the scope of this disclosure and are encompassed herein.

The duration of the first period of time and the second period of timein the fourth process for preparing the catalyst system is not limitedto any particular period of time. Likewise, assuming that the catalystsystem is not intended for long term storage, which could extend fordays or weeks, the second period of time in not limited to anyparticular period of time. The appropriate first period of time andsecond period of time independently can depend upon, for example, therelative amounts of the respective catalyst system components, thetemperatures at which the components are contacted, the presence ofdiluents or solvents in the contacting steps, and the degree of mixing,among other variables. Typically, however, the minimum first period oftime and second period of time, independently, can be 5 seconds, 10seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes;additionally or alternatively, the maximum first period of time andsecond period of time, independently, can be 48 hours, 36 hours, 24hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2 hours. Generally, thefirst period of time and the second period of time independently can bein a range from any minimum time disclosed herein to any maximum timedisclosed herein. Accordingly, suitable non-limiting ranges for thefirst period of time and the second period of time, independently, caninclude the following: from 5 seconds to 48 hours, from 10 seconds to 36hours, from 30 seconds to 24 hours, from 1 minute to 18 hours, from 5minutes to 6 hours, from 10 minutes to 4 hours, or from 20 minutes to 2hours. Other appropriate ranges for the first period of time and thesecond period of time are readily apparent from this disclosure.

Steps (i) and (ii) of the fourth processes for preparing the catalystsystem can be conducted at any suitable temperature, ranging fromsub-ambient temperatures, to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.),to elevated temperatures. While not limited thereto, step (i) and step(ii), independently can be conducted at a temperature in a range from 0°C. to 100° C., from 10° C. to 75° C., from 15° C. to 60° C., or from 20°C. to 40° C. In these and other embodiments, these temperature rangesalso are meant to encompass circumstances where step (i) or step (ii) isconducted at a series of different temperatures, instead of at a singlefixed temperature, falling within the respective ranges.

In the fourth process for preparing the catalyst system, the respectivecatalyst system components can be in any suitable phase and contacted inany manner. For instance, the chemically-treated solid oxide can becontacted with the other catalyst system components as a dry solid, oralternatively, as a slurry in a suitable diluent. Likewise, theorganoaluminum compound can be contacted with the other catalyst systemcomponents as a neat liquid, or alternatively, as a solution in asuitable diluent.

A fifth process for preparing the catalyst system can comprise (orconsist essentially of, or consist of) simultaneously contacting thechemically-treated solid oxide, the organoaluminum compound, and theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex for a period oftime to form the catalyst system. Generally, the features of the fifthprocess for preparing the catalyst system (e.g., the heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex, the chemically-treated solid oxide,the organoaluminum compound, and the period of time, among others) areindependently described herein, and these features can be combined inany combination to further describe the fifth process for preparing thecatalyst system. Moreover, other process steps can be conducted before,during, and/or after any of the steps listed in the disclosed fifthprocess for preparing the catalyst system, unless stated otherwise.Additionally, catalyst systems produced in accordance with this processare within the scope of this disclosure and are encompassed herein.

The duration of the period of time in the fifth process for preparingthe catalyst system is not limited to any particular period of time.Likewise, assuming that the catalyst system is not intended for longterm storage, which could extend for days or weeks, the period of timein not limited to any particular period of time. The appropriate periodof time can depend upon, for example, the relative amounts of therespective catalyst system components, the temperatures at which thecomponents are contacted, the presence of diluents or solvents in thecontacting steps, and the degree of mixing, among other variables.Typically, however, the minimum period of time can be 5 seconds, 10seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes;additionally or alternatively, the maximum period of time can be 48hours, 36 hours, 24 hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2hours. Generally, the period of time can be in a range from any minimumtime disclosed herein to any maximum time disclosed herein. Accordingly,suitable non-limiting ranges for the period of time can include thefollowing: from 5 seconds to 48 hours, from 10 seconds to 36 hours, from30 seconds to 24 hours, from 1 minute to 18 hours, from 5 minutes to 6hours, from 10 minutes to 4 hours, or from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Otherappropriate ranges for the period of time are readily apparent from thisdisclosure.

In the fifth processes for preparing the catalyst system can be formedat any suitable temperature, ranging from sub-ambient temperatures, toambient temperature (approximately 25° C.), to elevated temperatures.While not limited thereto, the catalyst system can be formed at atemperature in a range from 0° C. to 100° C., from 10° C. to 75° C.,from 15° C. to 60° C., or from 20° C. to 40° C. In these and otherembodiments, these temperature ranges also are meant to encompasscircumstances where the catalyst system is formed at a series ofdifferent temperatures, instead of at a single fixed temperature,falling within the respective ranges.

In the fifth process for preparing the catalyst system, the respectivecatalyst system components can be in any suitable phase and contacted inany manner. For instance, the chemically-treated solid oxide can becontacted with the other catalyst system components as a dry solid, oralternatively, as a slurry in a suitable diluent. Likewise, theorganoaluminum compound can be contacted with the other catalyst systemcomponents as a neat liquid, or alternatively, as a solution in asuitable diluent.

Unexpectedly, these processes for preparing catalyst systems can resultin improvements in catalyst activity. For instance, the productivity ofthe catalyst system prepared by any of these three processes (in kg(C₆+C₈)/g transition metal, kg (C₆+C₈)/g transition metal/hr, or kg(C₆+C₈)/g Al) can be greater (e.g., by at least 10%, at least 25%, atleast 50%, at least 100%, from 10% to 500% greater, from 25% to 200%greater, from 50% to 300% greater, etc.) than that of a catalyst systemobtained by contacting the chemically-treated solid oxide and theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex to form a firstmixture, and then contacting the first mixture with the organoaluminumcompound, or a catalyst system obtained by simultaneously contacting thechemically-treated solid oxide, the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex, and the organoaluminum compound. This comparison ismeant to be at the same oligomerization conditions (e.g.,oligomerization temperature, ethylene pressure, etc.) and with the samecatalyst system components (e.g., same amount/type of heteroatomicligand transition metal compound, same amount/type of organoaluminum,same amount/type of chemically-treated solid oxide, such as fluoridedsilica-coated alumina or sulfated alumina, etc.). The sameoligomerization conditions refer to using cyclohexane as a diluent, withan oligomerization temperature of 70° C., an ethylene pressure of 875psig, and a hydrogen pressure of 50 psig. Hence, the only difference isthe method used to produce the catalyst system, i.e., the order orsequence of contacting the respective catalyst components.

Generally, in the catalyst systems and methods of their preparationdisclosed herein, the weight ratio of chemically-treated solid oxide(s)to organoaluminum compound(s) can be in a range from 1:10 to 1000:1, orfrom 1:5 to 1000:1. If more than one organoaluminum compound and/or morethan one chemically-treated solid oxide are employed, this ratio isbased on the total weight of each respective component. In anembodiment, the weight ratio of the chemically-treated solid oxide tothe organoaluminum compound can be in a range from 1:1 to 500:1, from1:1 to 200:1, or from 1:1 to 100:1.

Likewise, the weight ratio of transition metal(s) of the heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex(es) to chemically-treated solidoxide(s) can be in a range from 1:1 to 1:1,000,000, or from 1:5 to1:250,000. If more than one transition metal (or heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex) and/or more than onechemically-treated solid oxide are employed, this ratio is based on thetotal weight of each respective component. In an embodiment, the weightratio of the transition metal of the heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex to the chemically-treated solid oxide can be in arange from 1:10 to 1:10,000, or from 1:20 to 1:1000.

In some embodiments, the catalyst systems and methods of theirpreparation are substantially free of aluminoxane compounds. In theseembodiments, the catalyst system has catalyst activity or productivity,as discussed herein, in the substantial absence of an aluminoxane. Forexample, a catalyst system of the present invention can consistessentially of a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex,a chemically-treated solid oxide, and an organoaluminum compound,wherein no other materials are present in the catalyst system whichwould increase/decrease the activity or productivity of the catalystsystem by more than about 10% from the catalyst activity or productivityof the catalyst system in the absence of said materials (e.g.,aluminoxane materials).

Herein, substantially free of aluminoxane compounds or the substantialabsence of an aluminoxane means that the catalyst system contain lessthan 5 wt. %, 2.5 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %, 0.25 wt. %, or 0.1 wt. %aluminoxane, based upon the total amount of organoaluminum compound inthe catalyst system.

Processes for Preparing an Oligomer Product

Embodiments of this invention are directed to ethylene oligomerizationprocesses, the production of an oligomer product, and the formation andrecovery of a liquid oligomer product; or alternatively, the productionof an oligomer product, and the formation and recovery of a liquidoligomer product and a solid polymer product. Typical properties for theliquid oligomer, portions of the liquid oligomer product, and the solidpolymer product are disclosed herein and can be used without limitationto further describe the ethylene oligomerization processes describeherein. One such process can comprise (or consist essentially of, orconsist of) (a) contacting ethylene, any of the catalyst systemsdisclosed herein, and an optional organic reaction medium, and (b)forming an oligomer product. Another process consistent with thisinvention can comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) (a)preparing a catalyst system in accordance with any method disclosedherein, (b) contacting the catalyst system prepared in step (a) withethylene and an optional organic reaction medium, and (c) forming anoligomer product. In an embodiment of the ethylene oligomerizationprocess described herein, the oligomer product can be formed in areaction zone.

Generally, the features of the processes described herein (e.g., thecatalyst system, the method of preparing the catalyst system, theorganic reaction medium, the materials comprising and/or features of theoligomer product, the oligomerization (trimerization, tetramerization,or trimerization and tetramerization) conditions under which theoligomer (trimerization, tetramerization, or trimerization andtetramerization) product is formed, the reaction zone, among others) areindependently described herein, and these features can be combinedwithout limitation, and in any combination, to further describe thedisclosed processes. Moreover, additional process steps can be performedbefore, during, and/or after any of the steps of any of the processesdisclosed herein, unless stated otherwise.

In some embodiments, the oligomer product can be formed in the presenceof an organic reaction medium. When employed, any suitable organicreaction medium can be used. In an embodiment, the organic reactionmedium can be a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons can include, for example,aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates, orcombinations thereof; alternatively, aliphatic hydrocarbons; oralternatively, aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons which canbe used as an organic reaction medium include C₃ to C₂₀ aliphatichydrocarbons; alternatively C₄ to C₁₅ aliphatic hydrocarbons; oralternatively, C₅ to C₁₀ aliphatic hydrocarbons. The aliphatichydrocarbons can be cyclic or acyclic and/or can be linear or branched,unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, the aliphatichydrocarbon which can be utilized as the organic reaction medium can bea hydrocarbon olefin (linear or branched, or terminal or internal).Non-limiting examples of suitable acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon reactionmedium that can be utilized singly or in any combination includepropane, iso-butane, n-butane, butane (n-butane or a mixture of linearand branched C₄ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), pentane (n-pentane or amixture of linear and branched C₅ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons),hexane (n-hexane or a mixture of linear and branched C₆ acyclicaliphatic hydrocarbons), heptane (n-heptane or a mixture of linear andbranched C₇ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), octane (n-octane or amixture of linear and branched C₈ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), orcombinations thereof; alternatively, iso-butane, n-butane, butane(n-butane or a mixture of linear and branched C₄ acyclic aliphatichydrocarbons), pentane (n-pentane or a mixture of linear and branched C₅acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), hexane (n-hexane or a mixture of linearand branched C₆ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), heptane (n-heptane or amixture of linear and branched C₇ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons),octane (n-octane or a mixture of linear and branched C₈ acyclicaliphatic hydrocarbons), or combinations thereof; alternatively,iso-butane, n-butane, butane (n-butane or a mixture of linear andbranched C₄ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), pentane (n-pentane or amixture of linear and branched C₅ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons),heptane (n-heptane or a mixture of linear and branched C₇ acyclicaliphatic hydrocarbons), octane (n-octane or a mixture of linear andbranched C₈ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons), or combinations thereof;alternatively, propane; alternatively, iso-butane; alternatively,n-butane; alternatively, butane (n-butane or a mixture of linear andbranched C₄ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons); alternatively, pentane(n-pentane or a mixture of linear and branched C₅ acyclic aliphatichydrocarbons); alternatively, hexane (n-hexane or a mixture of linearand branched C₆ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons); alternatively, heptane(n-heptane or a mixture of linear and branched C₇ acyclic aliphatichydrocarbons); or alternatively, octane (n-octane or a mixture of linearand branched C₈ acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons). In other embodiments,the acyclic aliphatic reaction medium can be a product of theoligomerization (1-hexene and/or 1-octene). Non-limiting examples ofsuitable cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon reaction medium includecyclohexane and methyl cyclohexane; alternatively, cyclohexane; oralternatively, methylcyclohexane. Aromatic hydrocarbons which can beuseful as an organic reaction medium include C₆ to C₂₀ aromatichydrocarbons, or alternatively, C₆ to C₁₀ aromatic hydrocarbons.Non-limiting examples of suitable aromatic hydrocarbons that can beutilized singly or in any combination include benzene, toluene, xylene(including ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, or mixtures thereof),and ethylbenzene, or combinations thereof; alternatively, benzene;alternatively, toluene; alternatively, xylene (including ortho-xylene,meta-xylene, para-xylene or mixtures thereof); or alternatively,ethylbenzene.

The oligomer product can be formed at any suitable temperature or atemperature in any range disclosed herein. Often, the oligomer productcan be formed at a minimum temperature of 0° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C.,45° C., or 50° C.; additionally or alternatively, at a maximumtemperature of 165° C., 160° C., 150° C., 140° C., 130° C., 115° C.,100° C., or 90° C. Generally, the temperature at which the oligomerproduct is formed can be in a range from any minimum temperaturedisclosed herein to any maximum temperature disclosed herein.Accordingly, suitable non-limiting ranges can include the following:from 0° C. to 165° C., from 20° C. to 160° C., from 20° C. to 115° C.,from 40° C. to 160° C., from 40° C. to 140° C., from 50° C. to 150° C.,from 50° C. to 140° C., from 50° C. to 130° C., from 50° C. to 100° C.,from 45° C. to 115° C., from 45° C. to 100° C., or from 45° C. to 90° C.Other appropriate temperatures and temperature ranges at which theoligomer product can be formed are readily apparent from thisdisclosure.

The oligomer product can be formed at any suitable pressure or apressure in any range disclosed herein. For example, the oligomerproduct can be formed at a minimum pressure (or ethylene partialpressure) of 50 psig (344 kPa), 100 psig (689 kPa), 200 psig (1.4 MPa),or 250 psig (1.5 MPa); additionally or alternatively, at a maximumpressure (or ethylene partial pressure) of 4,000 psig (27.6 MPa), 3,000psig (20.9 MPa), 2,000 psig (13.8 MPa), or 1,500 psig (10.3 MPa).Generally, the pressure (or ethylene partial pressure) at which theoligomer product is formed can be in a range from any minimum pressuredisclosed herein to any maximum pressure disclosed herein. Accordingly,suitable non-limiting ranges can include the following: from 50 psig(344 kPa) to 4,000 psig (27.6 MPa), from 100 psig (689 kPa) to 3,000psig (20.9 MPa), from 100 psig (689 kPa) to 2,000 psig (13.8 MPa), from200 psig (1.4 MPa) to 2,000 psig (13.8 MPa), from 200 psig (1.4 MPa) to1,500 psig (10.3 MPa), or from 250 psig (1.5 MPa) to 1,500 psig (10.3MPa). Other appropriate pressures (or ethylene partial pressures) atwhich the oligomer product can be formed are readily apparent from thisdisclosure.

In some embodiments, the oligomer product can be formed in thesubstantial absence of hydrogen. In these embodiments, the oligomerproduct is formed in the substantial absence of added hydrogen. As oneof ordinary skill in the art would recognize, hydrogen can be generatedin-situ by transition metal-based catalyst systems in various olefinoligomerization processes, and the amount generated can vary dependingupon the specific catalyst system and heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex employed, the type of oligomerization processused, the oligomerization reaction conditions utilized, and so forth.Herein the substantial absence of hydrogen is defined as forming theoligomer product at partial pressure of added hydrogen of less than lessthan 1 psig (6.9 kPa), 0.5 psig (3.45 kPa), 0.25 psig (1.72 kPa), or 0.1psig (0.69 kPa).

In other embodiments, it may be desirable to form the oligomer productin the presence of a of added hydrogen, for instance, to modify themolecular weight of the solid polymer, etc. In some embodiments, theproductivity of the catalyst system can be increased by performing theoligomerization in the presence of hydrogen. Accordingly, in theseembodiments, the oligomer product can be formed in the presence ofhydrogen, i.e., ethylene, the catalyst system, hydrogen, and an optionalorganic reaction medium can be contacted to form the oligomer product asdescribed herein. For instance, the oligomer product can be formed at ahydrogen partial pressure of at least 1 psig (6.9 kPa), 5 psig (34 kPa),10 psig (69 kPa), 25 psig (172 kPa), or 50 psig (345 kPa); additionallyor alternatively, the oligomer product can be formed at a maximumhydrogen partial pressure of 2000 psig (13.8 MPa), 1750 psig (12.1 MPa),1500 psig (10.3 MPa), 1250 psig (8.6 MPa), 1000 psig (6.9 MPa), 750 psig(5.2 MPa), 500 psig (3.4 MPa), or 400 psig (2.8 MPa). Generally, thehydrogen partial pressure can range from any minimum hydrogen partialpressure disclosed herein to any maximum hydrogen partial pressuredisclosed herein. Therefore, suitable non-limiting ranges for thehydrogen partial pressure can include the following ranges: from 1 psig(6.9 kPa) to 2000 psig (13.8 MPa), from 1 psig (6.9 kPa) to 1750 psig(12.1 MPa), from 5 psig (34 kPa) to 1500 psig (10.3 MPa), from 5 psig(34 kPa) to 1250 psig (8.6 MPa), from 10 psig (69 kPa) to 1000 psig (6.9MPa), from 10 psig (69 kPa) to 750 psig (5.2 MPa), from 10 psig (69 kPa)to 500 psig (3.5 MPa), from 25 psig (172 kPa) to 750 psig (5.2 MPa),from 25 psig (172 kPa) to 500 psig (3.4 MPa), from 25 psig (172 kPa) to400 psig (2.8 MPa), or from 50 psig (345 kPa) to 500 psig (3.4 MPa).Other appropriate hydrogen partial pressures at which the oligomerproduct can be formed are readily apparent from this disclosure.

The reaction zone in which the oligomer product can be formed cancomprise any suitable reactor. Non-limiting examples of reactors caninclude a stirred tank reactor, a plug flow reactor, or any combinationthereof; alternatively, a fixed bed reactor, a continuous stirred tankreactor, a loop slurry reactor, a solution reactor, a tubular reactor, arecycle reactor, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, thereaction zone can have more than one reactor in series or in parallel,and including any combination of reactor types and arrangements.Moreover, the oligomerization process used to form the oligomer productcan be a continuous process or a batch process, or any reactor or vesselwithin the oligomerization reaction system can be operated continuouslyor batchwise.

The process described herein can include a step of discharging areaction zone effluent comprising the oligomer product; alternatively,the oligomer product and the catalyst system; alternatively, theoligomer product and the solid polymer; or alternatively, the oligomerproduct, the solid polymer, and the catalyst system. In furtherembodiments the reaction zone effluent can further comprise ethyleneand/or the optional organic reaction medium. In some processes describedherein, the catalyst system can be deactivated. Deactivating thecatalyst system can comprise contacting the reaction zone effluent witha suitable catalyst system deactivating agent, or subjecting theoligomer product to suitable process steps to deactivate the catalystsystem, or a combination of both. The reaction zone effluent wherein thecatalyst system has been deactivated can be referred to as a deactivatedreaction zone effluent. The catalyst system deactivating agent cancomprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) water, an alcoholcompound, an amine compound, or any combination thereof; alternatively,water; alternatively, an alcohol compound; or alternatively, an aminecompound. In an embodiment, the alcohol compound can be a monoalcoholcompound, a diol compound, a polyol compound, or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the alcohol compound can comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of, a C₁ to C₂₀ mono alcohol. In someembodiments, the alcohol compound can comprise, consist essentially of,or consist of, methanol, ethanol, a propanol, a butanol, a pentanol, ahexanol, a heptanol, an octanol, a nonanol, a decanol, an undecanol, ormixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the alcohol compound cancomprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, methanol, ethanol,1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, iso-butanol, sec-butanol,t-butanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 2-heptanol,3-heptanol, 4-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol, 4-octanol,2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-heptanol, 1-decanol, 2-decanol, 3-decanol,4-decanol, 5-decanol, 1-undecanol, 2-undecanol, 7-methyl-2-decanol, a1-docecanol, a 2-dodecanol, 2-ethyl-1-decanol, or mixtures thereof.

Additionally or alternatively, the catalyst system can be deactivated bycontact with an aqueous base solution or aqueous acid solution (e.g., anaqueous Group 1 metal hydroxide solution or an aqueous mineral acidsolution). Such deactivation processes to deactivate the catalyst systemcan also potentially remove a portion, or substantially all, of themetal catalyst system components from the oligomer product.

In some embodiments, the oligomer product can be formed in thesubstantial absence of aluminoxanes. In these embodiments, theoligomerization process can be conducted in the absence of thesealuminoxane materials. For example, the process can be conducted whereinno other materials are present which would increase/decrease theactivity or productivity of the catalyst system by more than about 10%from the catalyst activity or productivity of the catalyst system in theabsence of said materials (e.g., aluminoxane materials). Herein, thesubstantial absence of aluminoxane means that the catalyst systemcontain less than 5 wt. %, 2.5 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %, 0.25 wt. %, or0.1 wt. % aluminoxane, based upon the total amount of organoaluminumcompound in the process.

In accordance with the processes of this invention, the productivity ofthe catalyst system under oligomerization conditions generally can begreater than 25,000 grams, greater than 50,000 grams, greater than100,000 grams, greater than 150,000 grams, or greater than 200,000grams, and often up to 350,000-500,000 grams, of C₆+C₈ per gram oftransition metal (from the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex). For the purpose of determining the productivity, theconditions under the oligomer product is formed can include atriethylaluminum co-catalyst, using cyclohexane as the reaction mediumand 50 psig hydrogen pressure, and with an oligomerization temperatureof 70° C. and an ethylene pressure of 875 psig.

Additionally or alternatively, the productivity of the catalyst systemunder oligomerization conditions generally can be greater than 1,000grams, greater than 2,500 grams, greater than 10,000 grams, greater than25,000 grams, greater than 50,000 grams, or greater than 100,000 grams,and often up to 150,000-250,000 grams, of ethylene polymer per gram oftransition metal (from the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex). For the purpose of determining the productivity, theconditions under the oligomer product is formed can include atriethylaluminum co-catalyst, using cyclohexane as the reaction mediumand 50 psig hydrogen pressure, and with an oligomerization temperatureof 70° C. and an ethylene pressure of 875 psig.

Unexpectedly, the first, second, and third processes for preparing thecatalyst system disclosed herein can result in improvements in theproductivity of the catalyst system when utilized in the disclosedethylene oligomerization processes in comparison to the fourth and fifthprocesses for preparing the catalyst system disclosed herein. Theoligomerization productivity of the catalyst systems prepared by thefirst, second, and third catalyst system preparation processes (in kg(C₆+C₈)/g transition metal, kg (C₆+C₈)/g transition metal/hr, or kg(C₆+C₈)/g Al) can be greater (e.g., by at least 10%, at least 25%, atleast 50%, at least 100%, from 10% to 500% greater, from 25% to 200%greater, from 50% to 300% greater, etc.) than that of a catalyst systemobtained by contacting the chemically-treated solid oxide and theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex to form a firstmixture, and then contacting the first mixture with the organoaluminumcompound; or a catalyst system obtained by simultaneously contacting thechemically-treated solid oxide, the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex, and the organoaluminum compound. This comparison ismeant to be at the same oligomerization conditions (e.g.,oligomerization temperature, ethylene pressure, etc.) and with the samecatalyst system components (e.g., same amount/type of heteroatomicligand transition metal compound, same amount/type of organoaluminum,same amount/type of chemically-treated solid oxide, such as fluoridedsilica-coated alumina or sulfated alumina, etc.). Accordingly, the sameoligomerization conditions can encompass identical catalyst systemcomponents, catalyst system component ratios, and ethyleneoligomerization conditions. Alternatively, and for the purpose ofdetermining the productivity, the same ethylene oligomerizationconditions can refer to using cyclohexane as the reaction medium, withan oligomerization temperature of 70° C., an ethylene pressure of 875psig, and a hydrogen pressure of 50 psig. Hence, the only difference isthe method used to produce the catalyst system, i.e., the order orsequence of contacting the respective catalyst components. While it hasbeen discovered that there are unexpected advantages to using the first,second, and third catalyst system preparation processes over the fourthand fifth catalyst system preparation processes, this in no way impliesthat the fourth and fifth catalyst system preparation processes cannotbe used in the ethylene oligomerization process described herein.

Consistent with embodiments of this invention, the oligomer product cancomprise a liquid oligomer product and a solid polymer product. That is,the liquid oligomer product is a liquid at standard temperature (25° C.)and pressure (1 atm), and the solid polymer product is a solid atstandard temperature (25° C.) and pressure (1 atm). As one of skill inthe art would readily recognize, many of the materials disclosed hereincan exist in a different phase when subjected to different processingconditions (e.g., different temperatures, different pressures).

In the processes described herein, the processes can further comprise astep of isolating the liquid oligomer product, e.g., from the reactionzone effluent, from the deactivated reaction zone effluent, from thesolid polymer product, from the organic reaction medium, etc., using anysuitable technique. Additionally or alternatively, the process canfurther comprise a step of isolating the solid polymer product, e.g.,from the reaction zone effluent, the deactivated reaction zone effluent,from the liquid oligomer product, from the organic reaction medium,etc., using any suitable technique. Various suitable separationtechniques can be employed, as would be recognized by those of skill inthe art. In an embodiment, and not limited thereto, a filtrationprocess, an evaporation process, or a distillation process can be used,as well as combinations of more than one separation technique.

In some embodiments, the process can further comprise a step ofseparating the solid polymer product—which comprises at least a portionof the catalyst system (or deactivated catalyst system)—e.g., from thereaction zone effluent, the deactivated reaction zone effluent, from theliquid oligomer product, from the organic reaction medium, etc., usingany suitable liquid-solid separation technique, such as a filtrationprocess. Additional separation techniques can be employed, if desired.

Advantageously, the solid polymer product, in particular embodiments ofthis invention, can be insoluble in the organic reaction medium used inthe oligomerization process. For instance, the organic reaction mediumcan be any hydrocarbon organic reaction medium disclosed herein, such ascyclohexane or methylcyclohexane, among others. In further embodiments,and also advantageously, at least a portion of the solid polymer productcan comprise particles of the chemically-treated solid oxide.

Advantageously, the oligomerization processes disclosed herein can beperformed without reactor fouling, for instance, there is no orsubstantially no reactor fouling in the reactor, whether a stirred tankreactor, a plug flow reactor, or any combination thereof; oralternatively, a fixed bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, aloop slurry reactor, a solution reactor, a tubular reactor, a recyclereactor, or any multi-reactor combination thereof. While not wishing tobe bound by the following theory, it is believed that the molecularweight of the solid polymer product is such that the polymer produceddoes not readily adhere to reactor surfaces, and therefore does notcause reactor fouling. The end result can be increased reactor run timesand greater production efficiency.

Typically, although not a requirement, the amount of the solid polymerproduct in the oligomer product (liquid oligomer product+solid polymerproduct) can fall within a range from 2 to 80 wt. %. In an embodiment,the minimum amount of solid polymer product in the oligomer product canbe 2, 5, 10, or 15 wt. %. In an embodiment, the maximum amount of solidpolymer product in the oligomer product can be 80, 75, 70, 65, or 60 wt.%. Generally, the amount of solid polymer product in the oligomerproduct can range from any minimum amount of solid polymer product inthe oligomer product described herein to any maximum amount of solidpolymer product in the oligomer product. For instance, the amount of thesolid polymer product, based on the total weight of the oligomerproduct, can be from 2 to 65 wt. %, from 2 to 30 wt. %, from 5 to 65 wt.%, from 5 to 30 wt. %, from 10 to 70 wt. %, from 10 to 60 wt. %, from 10to 40 wt. %, or from 15 to 55 wt. %. Other appropriate amounts of thesolid polymer product in the oligomer product are readily apparent fromthis disclosure.

This invention is also directed to, and encompasses, the liquid oligomerproduct produced by any of the oligomerization processes disclosedherein. This liquid oligomer product can be characterized, generally, asfollows. The liquid oligomer product can contain C₆ olefins;alternatively, C₈ olefins; or alternatively, C₆ and C₈ olefins. Based onthe weight of the liquid oligomer product, the amount of C₆ and/or C₈olefins (C₆ olefins, C₈ olefins, or total C₆+C₈ olefins) typically fallswithin a range from 70 to 99.9 wt. %, from 80 to 99.9 wt. %, or from 90to 99.9 wt. %, and more typically falls within a range from 92 to 99.9wt. %, from 94 to 99.9 wt. %, or from 95 to 99.9 wt. %.

Selectivity to α-olefins in the liquid oligomer product is alsounexpectedly high. In an embodiment, the C₆ olefins, of a liquidoligomer product comprising at least 10 wt. % C₆ olefins, can contain1-hexene in an amount ranging from 90 to 99.99 mol %, from 95 to 99.99mol %, from 98 to 99.99 mol %, from 99 to 99.99 mol %, or from 99 to99.9 mol %. Likewise, in an embodiment, the C₈ olefins, of a liquidoligomer product comprising at least 10 wt. % C₈ olefins, can contain1-octene in an amount ranging from 90 to 99.99 mol %, from 95 to 99.99mol %, from 97 to 99.99 mol %, from 97 to 99.9 mol %, or from 98 to99.99 mol %.

This invention is also directed to, and encompasses, the solid polymerproduct produced by any of the processes disclosed herein. This solidpolymer product can be characterized by the amount of ethylene in thesolid polymer product, the peak molecular weight (Mp) of the solidpolymer product, and/or number-average molecular weight (Mn) of thesolid polymer product. These features are independently described hereinand these independently described features can be used withoutlimitation, and in any combination, to describe the solid polymerproduct. The solid polymer product contains an ethylene polymer (e.g.,ethylene homopolymer, ethylene copolymer, etc.) with at least 90 mol %,or at least 92 mol % ethylene, and more often, at least 95 mol %, atleast 98 mol %, or at least 99 mol %, ethylene. In some embodiments, thesolid polymer product is essentially an ethylene homopolymer. The solidpolymer product typically can have a peak molecular weight (Mp) in arange from 30,000 to 200,000 g/mol, from 35,000 to 180,000 g/mol, from30,000 to 170,000 g/mol, from 35,000 to 170,000 g/mol, from 40,000 to200,000 g/mol, from 40,000 to 180,000 g/mol, from 40,000 to 160,000g/mol, or from 45,000 to 165,000 g/mol. Additionally or alternatively,the solid polymer product can have a number-average molecular weight(Mn) in a range from 5,000 to 30,000 g/mol, from 5,000 to 25,000 g/mol,from 5,000 to 20,000 g/mol, from 7,000 to 25,000 g/mol, from 7,000 to20,000 g/mol, from 8,000 to 30,000 g/mol, from 8,000 to 25,000 g/mol, orfrom 8,000 to 20,000 g/mol.

In particular embodiments of this invention, the process can furthercomprise a step of forming polymer pellets from the solid polymerproduct. The step of forming polymer pellets can comprise processing thesolid polymer product through a pelletizing die (non-limiting examplesinclude strand, underwater, water ring, etc.) using any suitableapparatus. For instance, an extruder, a single screw extruder, a twinscrew extruder, a gear pump, or other suitable apparatus can be used.

Articles of manufacture can be formed from, and/or can comprise, thesolid polymer product produced in accordance with this invention.Articles which can comprise polymers of this invention include, but arenot limited to, an agricultural film, an automobile part, a bottle, adrum, a fiber or fabric, a food packaging film or container, a foodservice article, a fuel tank, a geomembrane, a household container, aliner, a molded product, a medical device or material, a pipe, a sheetor tape, a toy, and the like. Various processes can be employed to formthese articles. Non-limiting examples of these processes includeinjection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, film extrusion,sheet extrusion, profile extrusion, thermoforming, and the like.Additionally, additives and modifiers are often added to the solidpolymer product in order to provide beneficial polymer processing orend-use product attributes. Such processes and materials are describedin Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Mid-November 1995 Issue, Vol. 72, No.12; and Film Extrusion Manual—Process, Materials, Properties, TAPPIPress, 1992; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

Substituent Groups

Various aspects and embodiments described herein may refer tosubstituted groups or compounds. In an embodiment, each substituent (ornon-hydrogen substituent) of any aspect or embodiment calling for asubstituent can be a halogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrocarboxygroup; alternatively, a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, ahalogen or a hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a hydrocarbyl group or ahydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a halogen; alternatively, ahydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a hydrocarboxy group. In anembodiment, each hydrocarbyl substituent can be a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylgroup, or alternatively, a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment,each hydrocarboxy group or substituent of any aspect or embodimentcalling for a group or substituent can be a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarboxygroup, or alternatively, a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarboxy group. In anembodiment, any halide substituent of any aspect or embodiment callingfor a substituent can be fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide;alternatively, fluoride or chloride. In some embodiments, any halidesubstituent of any aspect or embodiment calling for a substituent can befluoride; alternatively, chloride; alternatively, bromide; oralternatively, iodide.

In an embodiment, any hydrocarbyl substituent of any aspect orembodiment calling for a substituent can be an alkyl group, an arylgroup, or an aralkyl group; alternatively, an alkyl group;alternatively, an aryl group; or alternatively, an aralkyl group. In anembodiment, any alkyl substituent of any aspect or embodiment callingfor a substituent can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propylgroup, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, anisobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a 2-pentyl group,a 3-pentyl group, a 2-methyl-1-butyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a3-methyl-1-butyl group, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, or a neo-pentyl group;alternatively, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isopropyl group, atert-butyl group, or a neo-pentyl group; alternatively, a methyl group;alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, an isopropyl group;alternatively, a tert-butyl group; or alternatively, a neo-pentyl group.In an embodiment, any aryl substituent of any aspect or embodimentcalling for a substituent can be a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a xylylgroup, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group;alternatively, a tolyl group, alternatively, a xylyl group; oralternatively, a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group. In an embodiment, anyaralkyl substituent of any aspect or embodiment calling for asubstituent can be benzyl group or an ethylphenyl group(2-phenyleth-1-yl or 1-phenyleth-1-yl); alternatively, a benzyl group;alternatively, an ethylphenyl group; alternatively a 2-phenyleth-1-ylgroup; or alternatively, a 1-phenyleth-1-yl group.

In an embodiment, any hydrocarboxy substituent of any aspect orembodiment calling for a substituent can be an alkoxy group, an aryloxygroup, or an aralkoxy group; alternatively, an alkoxy group;alternatively, an aryloxy group or an aralkoxy group. In an embodiment,any alkoxy substituent of any aspect or embodiment calling for asubstituent can be a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group,an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, an isobutoxygroup, a tert-butoxy group, an n-pentoxy group, a 2-pentoxy group, a3-pentoxy group, a 2-methyl-1-butoxy group, a tert-pentoxy group, a3-methyl-1-butoxy group, a 3-methyl-2-butoxy group, or a neo-pentoxygroup; alternatively, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropoxygroup, a tert-butoxy group, or a neo-pentoxy group; alternatively, amethoxy group; alternatively, an ethoxy group; alternatively, anisopropoxy group; alternatively, a tert-butoxy group; or alternatively,a neo-pentoxy group. In an embodiment, any aryloxy substituent of anyaspect or embodiment calling for a substituent can be a phenoxy group, atoloxy group, a xyloxy group, or a 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy group;alternatively, a phenoxy group; alternatively, a toloxy group;alternatively, a xyloxy group; or alternatively, a2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy group. In an embodiment, any aralkoxy substituentof any aspect or embodiment calling for a substituent can be a benzoxygroup.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations to the scopeof this invention. Various other aspects, embodiments, modifications,and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, maysuggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departingfrom the spirit of the present invention or the scope of the appendedclaims.

Fluorided silica-coated alumina chemically-treated solid oxides wereprepared as follows. Bohemite was obtained from W.R. Grace & Companyunder the designation “Alumina A” and having a surface area of 300 m²/g,a pore volume of 1.3 mL/g, and an average particle size of 100 microns.The alumina was first calcined in dry air at 600° C. for 6 hours, cooledto ambient temperature, and then contacted with tetraethylorthosilicatein isopropanol to equal 25 wt. % SiO₂. After drying, the silica-coatedalumina was calcined at 600° C. for 3 hours. Fluorided silica-coatedalumina (7 wt. % F) was prepared by impregnating the calcinedsilica-coated alumina with an ammonium bifluoride solution in methanol,drying, and then calcining for 3 hours at 600° C. in dry air. Afterward,the fluorided silica-coated alumina (FSCA) was collected and storedunder dry nitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

Sulfated alumina chemically-treated solid oxides were prepared asfollows from the same base alumina grade used to produce FSCA. The basealumina material was impregnated to incipient wetness with an aqueoussolution of ammonium sulfate to equal 15% sulfate. This mixture was thenplaced in a flat pan and allowed to dry under vacuum at approximately110° C. for 16 hours. To calcine the resultant powdered mixture, thematerial was fluidized in a stream of dry air at 550° C. for 6 hours.Afterward, the sulfated alumina (SA) was collected and stored under drynitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

TMA was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich as a 2 molar solution in heptane andutilized as received. TEA was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (≧22.5 wt. %aluminum) and utilized as received. TIBA was obtained from AkzoNobel(≧13.4 wt. % aluminum) and utilized as received. TNOA was obtained fromAkzoNobel (≧7.0 wt. % aluminum) and utilized as received. MMAO-3A wasobtained from AkzoNobel (7 wt. % aluminum) and utilized as received.

The base material for the silica used in Examples 17-18 had a surfacearea of 300 m²/g, a pore volume of 1.6 mL/g, and an average particlesize of 100 microns. This material was calcined in nitrogen at 600° C.for 3 hours, cooled to ambient temperature, and then the silica wasstored under dry nitrogen and used without exposure to the atmosphere.

Solvents/diluent utilized in the examples were sparged with nitrogenprior to use and stored over 13× sieves glovebox having a nitrogenatmosphere. All catalyst system activations were carried out in theglovebox having a nitrogen atmosphere.

Each example provided herein utilized either heteroatomic chromiumchloride complex A or heteroatomic chromium chloride complex B:

In Activation Method A, the heteroatomic ligand chromium compoundcomplex in ethylbenzene (EB) was mixed with either triethylaluminum(TEA) or trimethylaluminum (TMA) for 30 minutes. No aluminoxane orchemically-treated solid oxide was present.

In Activation Method B, the heteroatomic ligand chromium compoundcomplex in ethylbenzene (EB) was combined first with the support orchemically-treated solid oxide (e.g., silica, SA, Bohemite, FSCA) for 30minutes to form a mixture. TEA then was added to the mixture, and thecatalyst system was stirred for 30 minutes.

In Activation Method C, TEA or triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) was firstcombined with the support or chemically-treated solid oxide (e.g.,silica, SA, Bohemite, FSCA) in cyclohexane (CyH) and stirred for 30minutes to form a precontacted mixture, then the precontacted mixturewas combined with the heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex inethylbenzene (EB) and stirred for 30 minutes.

In Activation Method D, an alkylaluminum compound (TEA, TMA, TIBA, orTNOA) was first combined with the heteroatomic ligand chromium compoundcomplex in ethylbenzene (EB) and stirred for 30 minutes to form aprecontacted mixture, then the mixture was combined with the support orchemically-treated solid oxide (e.g., silica, SA, Bohemite, FSCA) in CyHand stirred for 30 or 60 minutes.

In Activation Method E, an alkylaluminum (TEA, TMA, or TNOA) wascombined with the heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex inethylbenzene (EB) and stirred for 30 minutes to form a first mixture. Analkylaluminum (TEA, TMA, or TNOA) in cyclohexane (CyH) was combined withthe support or chemically-treated solid oxide (e.g., silica, SA,Bohemite, or FSCA) and stirred for 30 minutes to form a second mixture.Then, the first mixture and the second mixture were combined and stirredfor 30 minutes.

In Activation Method F, a modified methyl aluminoxane (MMAO-3A) wascombined with the heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex inethylbenzene (EB).

In Activation Method G, the heteroatomic ligand chromium compoundcomplex and TEA were simultaneously added to the support orchemically-treated solid oxide (e.g., silica, SA, Bohemite, FSCA) in CyHand stirred for 30 minutes.

In Activation Method H, MMAO-3A was first combined with the support orchemically-treated solid oxide (e.g., silica, SA, Bohemite, FSCA) incyclohexane (CyH) and stirred for 10 minutes to form a precontactedmixture, then the precontacted mixture was combined with theheteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex in ethylbenzene (EB) andstirred for 30 minutes.

Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were obtained usinga PL-GPC 220 (Polymer Labs, an Agilent Company) system equipped with aIR4 detector (Polymer Char, Spain) and three Styragel™ HMW-6E GPCcolumns (Waters, Mass.) running at 145° C. The flow rate of the mobilephase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing 0.5 g/L2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was set at 1 mL/min, and polymersolution concentrations were in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/mL, depending onthe molecular weight. Sample preparation was conducted at 150° C. fornominally 4 hours with occasional and gentle agitation, before thesolutions were transferred to sample vials for injection. An injectionvolume of about 200 μL was used. The integral calibration method wasused to deduce molecular weights and molecular weight distributionsusing a Chevron Phillips Chemical Company's HDPE polyethylene resin,MARLEX® BHB5003, as the standard. The integral table of the standard waspre-determined in a separate experiment with SEC-MALS. Mp is the peakmolecular weight, Mn is the number-average molecular weight, Mw is theweight-average molecular weight, and Mz is the z-average molecularweight.

Polymer C-13 NMR sample preparation and data collection were performedas follows. A 0.55 gram sample of the solid polymer sample, 1.20 g of1,4-dichlorobenzene-d4 (98% D) and 2.5 mL of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(distilled and dosed with 0.034 wt. % butylated hydroxytoluene) werecharged to a 10 mm NMR tube. The 10 mm NMR tube containing the polymersample mixture was then heated in a heating block at 128° C. withoccasional stirring using a stainless steel stirrer to ensurehomogeneous mixing of polymer sample into solution. The sample was thenleft in the heating block at 112° C. for 16 hours to ensure completedisentanglement of polymer chains. The final concentration of thepolymer in the C-13 NMR sample was ˜10 wt. %. The C13 NMR analysis wasthen performed using a 500 MHz Oxford Magnet. Data collection andprocessing were performed using a Bruker 10 mm BBO probe and Advance IIIHD console using the following data collection parameters:

F2 - Acquisition Parameters INSTRUM spect PROBHD 10 mm PABBO BB PULPROGzgdc TD 49018 SOLVENT C6D6 NS 6489 DS 8 SWH 8169.935 Hz FIDRES 0.166672Hz AQ 2.9999015 sec RG 35.5 DW 61.200 usec DE 6.50 usec TE 398.1 K D17.00000000 sec D11 0.03000000 sec TDO 12 ========= CHANNEL f1 =========SF01 125.6986968 MHz NUC1 13C P1 15.00 usec PLW1 63.00000000 W =========CHANNEL f2 ========= SF02 499.8814996 MHz NUC2 1H CPDPRG[2 wa1tz65 PCPD280.00 usec PLW2 25.00000000 W PLW12 1.76390004 W F2 - Processingparameters SI 131072 SF 125.6948915 MHz WDW EM SSB 0 LB 1.00 Hz GB 0 PC4.00

Ethylene oligomerizations were performed as follows. Cyclohexane, 200mL, was added to an activated catalyst system that was activatedaccording to one of the activation methods A-H. The activated catalystsystem mixture was the charged to an evacuated autoclave reactor (0.5 Lstainless steel ZipperClave® Autoclave) held at 60° C. The reactor wasthen charged with 50 psig H₂ and 875 psig ethylene. Stirring of theautoclave reactor content was started by activating an air drivenautoclave stirrer motor. The autoclave reactor contents were thenallowed to reach the desired reaction temperature and the reactiontemperature was maintained by use of internal cooling coils and ifnecessary an external water bath. As the reaction proceeded, ethylenewas fed to the reactor on demand to maintain the autoclave reactorpressure for the desired reaction time. At reaction completion, watercooling was applied to the autoclave reactor. When the autoclave reactorcontents temperature reached 35° C., the unreacted ethylene and hydrogengas were vented from the reactor. A liquid sample (˜2 mL) of the reactorcontents was then collected, filtered, and analyzed by GC-FID. Thereactor solids were collected by filtering the reaction mixture andcleaning the reactor walls and cooling coil.

The liquid reactor content samples were analyzed on an Agilent 7890-LTMequipped with an Agilent DB-5msUI column (Agilent P/N 222-5532UILTM)with a 30 m length, 0.25 ID, and 0.25 μm film thickness and a flameionization detector.

Table 3 summarizes the catalyst systems, oligomerization conditions,oligomer product properties, and catalyst productivities for Examples1-45. As shown in Table 3, Examples 1-2 did not utilize an aluminoxaneor chemically-treated solid oxide activator, and these catalyst systemshad low productivity of the C₆+C₈ product. Likewise, Examples 17-18 and32 utilized a solid oxide that was not chemically-treated, and this alsoresulted in low productivity of the C₆+C₈ product.

For Examples 3-16, 19-22, and 30-31 (using Complex A), it wasunexpectedly found that the method of catalyst preparation and catalystactivation had an impact on the amount of oligomer product produced(liquid NAO product+polymer product). Pre-contacting or pre-mixing thechemically-treated solid oxide and the organoaluminum compound (beforeadding in the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex),and pre-contacting or pre-mixing the heteroatomic ligand transitionmetal compound complex and the organoaluminum (before adding in thechemically-treated solid oxide) both resulted in improved productivity.Additionally, the combination of these two pre-contacting or pre-mixingsteps—i.e., pre-contacting or pre-mixing the chemically-treated solidoxide and a first organoaluminum compound to form a first mixture;pre-contacting or pre-mixing the heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex and a second organoaluminum compound to form a secondmixture; and then combining the first mixture with the second mixture toform the catalyst system—also resulted in significantly improvedcatalyst productivities.

As shown by Examples 3-16, 19-22, and 30-31 (using Complex A) in Table3, the catalyst systems containing a chemically-treated solid oxide werevery efficient in oligomerizing ethylene to produce C₆+C₈ oligomerproduct. Surprisingly high catalyst system productivities were achieved,generally ranging from 40,000 to 380,000 grams of C₆+C₈ product per gramof chromium. Of the liquid oligomer product, the wt. % of total C₆+C₈products ranged from 97.5 to 99.3 wt. %, and the wt. % of C₆ olefinsranged from 95.8 to 97.3 wt. %. Selectivity to α-olefins was alsoextremely high: the C₆ oligomer product contained from 99.2 to 99.7 mol% 1-hexene, and the C₈ oligomer product contained from 89 to 99.4 mol %1-octene (and mostly in the 97 to 99.4 mol % range).

Interestingly, particularly as compared to Examples 23-27 that utilizedan alumoxane activator and produced less than 1 wt. % polymer, thecatalyst systems containing a chemically-treated solid oxide (Examples3-16, 19-22, and 30-31) produced increased amounts of a solid polymerproduct, generally ranging from 15 to 57 wt. %, based on the totalweight of the oligomer product. Catalyst system productivities forproducing the solid polymer product—for Examples 3-16, 19-22, and30-31—ranged from 14,000 to 167,000 grams of polymer product per gram ofchromium.

As shown by Examples 33-45 (using Complex B) in Table 3, the catalystsystems containing a chemically-treated solid oxide were very efficientin oligomerizing ethylene to produce C₆+C₈ oligomer product.Surprisingly high catalyst system productivities were achieved,generally ranging from 46,000 to 112,000 grams of C₆+C₈ product per gramof chromium (excluding Example 40). Of the liquid oligomer product, thewt. % of total C₆+C₈ products ranged from 96.5 to 98 wt. %, and the wt.% of C₆ olefins ranged from 73.5 to 79.4 wt. %. Selectivity to α-olefinswas also extremely high: the C₆ oligomer product contained from 92.5 to96.3 mol % 1-hexene, and the C₈ oligomer product contained from 93.3 to97.7 mol % 1-octene.

Examples 33-45 produced amounts of a solid polymer product generallyranging from 20 to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oligomerproduct. Catalyst system productivities for producing the solid polymerproduct—for Examples 33-45—ranged from 12,000 to 61,000 grams of polymerproduct per gram of chromium.

Examples 28-29 utilized an aluminoxane instead of a trialkylaluminumcompound, such as TEA or TIBA. These examples demonstrate thataluminoxanes can be used as organoaluminum compounds in catalyst systemscontaining a chemically-treated solid oxide.

Table 4 summarizes the molecular weight characterization of the solidpolymer produced in some of the examples in Table 3. For catalystsystems using a chemically-treated solid oxide, relatively highmolecular weight polymer was produced, with Mn's ranging from 10,000 to17,000 g/mol, Mp's ranging from 51,000 to 145,000 g/mol, Mw's rangingfrom 158,000 to 369,000 g/mol, and Mz's ranging from 939,000 to2,233,000 g/mol. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate the molecular weightdistributions (amount of polymer versus logarithm of molecular weight)for the ethylene polymers of Example 10 and Examples 37, respectively,demonstrating the high molecular weight produced using the catalystsystems described herein. In contrast, FIG. 3 illustrates the molecularweight distribution (amount of polymer versus logarithm of molecularweight) for a polymer product produced using a homogeneous catalystsystem containing a N²-phosphinyl amidine transition metal compoundcomplex and MMAO-3A modified methylaluminoxane (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.8,680,003), demonstrating that only very low molecular weight polymer(Mp of 1,000-2,000 g/mol) was produced with MAO-based catalyst systems(in the absence of a chemically-treated solid oxide). Furthermore, noreactor fouling was noted during any of the oligomerization experimentsof Examples 3-16, 19-22, 30-31, and 33-45, which utilized catalystsystems containing a chemically-treated solid oxide.

Table 5 present NMR data that demonstrates the high molecular weightpolymer product produced with catalyst systems using achemically-treated solid oxide was predominantly ethylene homopolymer(>99 mol % ethylene), with very little comonomer side chains.

TABLE 3 Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Catalyst System Activation Method A A B C CC Complex A A A A A A mmol complex 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.00600.0060 Complex Alkylaluminum — — — — — — Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg)— — — — — — Support — — FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA Support Mass (mg) — — 350350 350 350 Support Alkylaluminum — — — TEA TIBA TIBA SupportAlkylaluminum (mg) — — — 75 40 80 Free Alkylaluminum (g) TEA TMA TEA — —— Free Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 40 40 40 — — — Total Alkylaluminum (mg)40 40 40 75 40 80 Catalyst System Al:Cr molar ratio 59 89 59 110 34 68Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EB EB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1.02 1 1Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 OligomenzationConditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH Diluent Volume (mL) 200 200200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 875 875 875 875 875 875Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 20 20 20 20 20 20Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70 Oligomer Product g liquid NAOproduct 4 3 49 66 39 51 g polymer 1.32 0 35.4 37.5 52 43.5 polymer (mass%) 24.43% 0.00% 41.76% 36.14% 57.13% 45.86% C # dist data (mass %) C₆97.0 97.4 97.3 96.5 96.3 95.8 C₈ 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.8 C₁₀ 1.9 1.7 1.21.5 1.3 2.1 C₁₂ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0(C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 98.1 98.3 98.8 98.3 98.5 97.6 C₆ Purity(mol %1-hexene) 98.47 98.94 99.68 99.63 99.69 99.71 C₈ Purity (mol % 1-octene)58.60 100 97.46 97.73 97.14 98.03 Methylcyclopentane (mass %) 0.35 0.970.05 0.06 0.10 0.06 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.030.05 0.03 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 682 4568,252 11,073 6,520 8,582 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 12,873 8,619 156,785209,432 123,544 161,109 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 38,619 25,857 470,355628,295 370,633 483,327 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 423 179 5155 36717064 4606 (g polymer)/(g product) 0.323 0 0.717 0.566 1.33 0.847 (gpolymer)/(g Chromium) 4,242 0 113,766 120,515 167,114 139,798 Example 78 9 10 Catalyst System Activation Method D D D D Complex # A A A A mmolcomplex 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 Complex Alkylaluminum TEA TMA TMATMA Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 40 21.6 10.8 5.5 Support FSCA FSCAFSCA FSCA Support Mass (mg) 350 350 350 350 Support Alkylaluminum — — —— Support Alkylaluminum (mg) — — — — Free Alkylaluminum (g) — — — — FreeAlkylaluminum Mass (mg) — — — — Total Alkylaluminum (mg) 40 21.6 10.85.5 Catalyst System Al:Cr molar ratio 59 47 23 12 Catalyst Solvent EB EBEB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1 Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Oligomerization Conditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH Diluent Volume (mL)200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 875 875 875 875 HydrogenPressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 20 20 20 20 Temperature (° C.) 7070 70 70 Oligomer Product g liquid NAO product 111 25 71 62 g polymer46.6 7.37 26.5 23.5 polymer (mass%) 29.48% 22.53% 27.18% 27.52% C # distdata (mass %) C₆ 96.4 96.2 96.4 96.8 C₈ 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 C₁₀ 2.3 2.0 1.31.3 C₁₂ 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 97.798.0 98.3 98.6 C₆ Purity(mol % 1-hexene) 99.62 99.61 99.57 99.61 C₈Purity (mol % 1-octene) 98.80 99.35 99.33 98.52 Methylcyclopentane (mass%) 0.04 0.12 0.07 0.06 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.02 0.03 0.030.04 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 18,631 4,23411,864 10,343 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 349,914 79,788 224,168 196,115 [g(C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 1,049,742 239,365 672,504 588,344 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(gAluminum) 11501 3071 17236 29761 (g polymer)/(g product) 0.418 0.2910.373 0.380 (g polymer)/(g Chromium) 149,760 23,685 85,164 75,523Example 11 12 13 14 15 16 Catalyst System Activation Method E E E E E EComplex # A A A A A A mmol complex 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.00600.0060 Complex Alkylaluminum TEA TEA TEA TEA TEA TEA ComplexAlkylaluminum Mass (mg) 40 40 40 40 40 40 Support FSCA FSCA FSCA SA SASA Support Mass (mg) 350 350 350 350 350 350 Support Alkylaluminum TEATEA TEA TEA TEA TEA Support Alkylaluminum (mg) 35 70 25 35 70 25 FreeAlkylaluminum (g) — — — — — — Free Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) — — — — — —Total Alkylaluminum (mg) 75 110 65 75 110 65 Catalyst System Al:Cr molarratio 110 161 95 110 161 95 Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EB EB EB SolventMass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Oligomerization Conditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH DiluentVolume (mL) 200 200 200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 875 875 875875 875 875 Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 20 2020 20 20 20 Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70 Oligomer Product gliquid NAO product 121 115 109 16 14 17 g polymer 34.5 32.9 35.5 21.416.1 21.1 polymer (mass%) 22.24% 22.22% 24.63% 57.41% 53.65% 55.77% C #dist data (mass %) C₆ 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.8 96.9 96.9 C₈ 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.41.4 1.4 C₁₀ 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 C₁₂ 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 C₁₄₊ 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 97.5 97.6 97.5 98.2 98.3 98.3 C₆Purity(mol % 1-hexene) 99.65 99.66 99.65 99.28 99.36 99.44 C₈ Purity(mol % 1-octene) 97.03 97.70 97.83 94.81 89.78 92.24 Methylcyclopentane(mass %) 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.12 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %)0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMolChromium) 20,163 19,242 18,157 2,653 2,325 2,796 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)377,876 361,073 340,508 50,121 43,937 52,889 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr1,133,628 1,083,219 1,021,524 150,364 131,811 158,667 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(gAluminum) 6624 4316 6888 879 525 1070 (g polymer)/(g product) 0.2860.286 0.327 1.35 1.16 1.26 (g polymer)/(g Chromium) 110,874 105,732114,088 68,774 51,741 67,810 Example 17 18 19 20 21 22 Catalyst SystemActivation Method E E E E E E Complex # A A A A A A mmol complex 0.00600.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 Complex Alkylaluminum TEA TEA TMA TMATMA TIBA Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 40 40 10.8 5.5 5.5 12 SupportSilica Silica FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA Support Mass (mg) 350 350 350 350 350350 Support Alkylaluminum TEA TEA TMA TMA TMA TIBA Support Alkylaluminum(mg) 35 70 33.2 10.8 21.6 35 Free Alkylaluminum (g) — — — — — — FreeAlkylaluminum Mass (mg) — — — — — — Total Alkylaluminum (mg) 75 110 4416.3 27.1 47 Catalyst System Al:Cr molar ratio 110 161 95 35 59 31Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EB EB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 OligomerizationConditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH Diluent Volume (mL) 200 200200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 875 875 875 875 875 875Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 20 20 20 20 20 20Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70 Oligomer Product g liquid NAOproduct 3 1 30 33 19 95 g polymer 5.14 2.78 5.73 12.04 4.54 40.7 polymer(mass %) 61.86% 67.01% 15.90% 26.74% 19.57% 30.10% C # dist data (mass%) C₆ 95.9 93.7 97.2 97.1 97.1 96.7 C₈ 2.1 3.5 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.3 C₁₀ 2.02.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.9 C₁₂ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 98.0 97.2 99.1 98.9 99.3 98.0 C₆ Purity(mol %1-hexene) 98.76 97.11 99.56 99.58 99.54 99.55 C₈ Purity (mol % 1-octene)86.10 53.70 98.01 98.86 98.34 97.78 Methylcyclopentane (mass %) 0.510.58 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.05 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.00 0.00 0.030.03 0.04 0.02 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 530 2295,067 5,513 3,117 15,794 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 9,981 4,276 96,522 104,80859,519 297,591 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 29,942 12,828 289,565 314,424178,558 892,774 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 175 51 1825 5349 1828 14482(g polymer)/(g product) 1.62 2.03 0.189 0.365 0.243 0.431 (g polymer)/(gChromium) 16,519 8,934 18,415 38,693 14,590 130,799 Example 23 24 25 2627 Catalyst System Activation Method F F F F F Complex # A A A A A mmolcomplex 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 Complex Alkylaluminum — — — —— Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) — — — — — Support — — — — — SupportMass (mg) — — — — — Support Alkylaluminum — — — — — SupportAlkylaluminum (mg) — — — — — Free Alkylaluminum (g) MMAO MMAO MMAO MMAOMMAO Free Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 1.275 1.275 1.275 1.275 1.275 TotalAlkylaluminum (mg) 1,275 1,275 1,275 1,275 1,275 Catalyst System Al:Crmolar ratio 554 554 554 554 554 Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EB EB SolventMass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Oligomerization Conditions Diluent CyH CyH MeCyH MeCyH CyH DiluentVolume (mL) 200 200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 875 875 875 875875 Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 20 20 20 20 20Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 Oligomer Product g liquid NAO product145 146 122 136 148 g polymer 0.11 0.04 0.64 0.2 0.08 polymer (mass %)0.08% 0.03% 0.52% 0.15% 0.05% C # dist data (mass %) C₆ 94.5 94.2 95.194.3 94.5 C₈ 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 C₁₀ 4.4 4.4 3.4 4.6 4.5 C₁₂ 0.0 0.4 0.10.1 0.1 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 95.6 95.2 96.5 95.395.5 C₆ Purity(mol % 1-hexene) 99.48 99.63 99.53 99.45 99.46 C₈ Purity(mol % 1-octene) 97.85 99.18 99.26 96.77 98.52 Methylcyclopentane (mass%) 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.01 0.010.02 0.01 0.01 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 2430124372 20413 22757 24738 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 446554 446082 378995 417270454128 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 1339662 1338245 1136986 1251810 1362385[g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 1557 1555 1321 1455 1583 (g polymer)/(gproduct) 0.000756 0.000274 0.005212 0.001467 0.000540 (g polymer)/(gChromium) 354 129 2057 643 257 Example 28 29 30 31 32 33 Catalyst SystemActivation Method H H D E E D Complex # A A A A A B mmol complex 0.00600.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0060 0.0031 Complex Alkylaluminum TNOA TNOA TEATEA Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 0 0 0.11 0.055 0.04 0.020 SupportFSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA Bohemite FSCA Support Mass (mg) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.350.35 0.175 Support Alkylaluminum MMAO MMAO NA TNOA TEA NA SupportAlkylaluminum (mg) 0.085 0.17 0.055 0.035 0 Free Alkylaluminum (g) FreeAlkylaluminum Mass (mg) Total Alkylaluminum (mg) 0.085 0.17 NA NACatalyst System Al:Cr molar ratio 37 74 50 50 110 57 Catalyst Solvent EBEB EB EB EB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Activation Time (hours) 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Oligomerization Conditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyHCyH CyH Diluent Volume (mL) 200 200 200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure(psig) 875 875 875 875 50 50 Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 50 50 50 50 875875 Time (min) 20 20 20 20 20 60 Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70Oligomer Product g liquid NAO product 50.1 61.0 82 74 0.0 13 g polymer61 48 25 35 116 3.9 polymer (mass%) 54.92% 44.04% 23.29% 32.30% 100.023.28% C # dist data (mass %) C₆ 96.1 96.4 96.6 96.7 0.0 79.4 C₈ 2.3 2.21.3 1.6 0.0 18.6 C₁₀ 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.7 0.0 2.0 C₁₂ 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000.0 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.00 0.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 98.4 98.6 98.098.3 0.00 98.0 C₆ Purity(mol % 1-hexene) 99.67 99.67 99.53 99.59 NA95.88 C₈ Purity (mol % 1-octene) 97.78 98.39 94.86 95.42 NA 97.72Methylcyclopentane (mass %) 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.05 NA 2.79Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 NA 0.82Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 8,367 10,194 13,70312,366 0 4,164 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 158,343 193,336 258,165 233,695 —78,469 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 475,030 580,009 774,495 701,086 — 78,469[g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 8281 5055 10433 9444 0 2666 (g polymer)/(gproduct) 1.22 0.79 0.30 0.48 NA 0.30 (g polymer)/(g Chromium) 196,038154,259 80,022 113,445 372,793 24,290 Example 34 35 36 37 38 39 CatalystSystem Activation Method D D D D B C Complex # B B B B B B mmol complex0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 Complex Alkylaluminum TEA TEATEA TEA NA NA Complex Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) 0.040 0.030 0.030 0.0300.000 0.000 Support FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCA Support Mass (mg)0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 Support Alkylaluminum NA NA NA NATEA TEA Support Alkylaluminum (mg) 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.03 Free Alkylaluminum(g) Free Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) Total Alkylaluminum (mg) CatalystSystem Al:Cr molar ratio 113 85 85 85 85 85 Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EBEB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 1 0.50.5 0.5 Oligomerization Conditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH CyHDiluent Volume (mL) 200 200 200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 5050 50 50 50 50 Hydrogen Pressure (psig) 875 875 875 875 875 875 Time(min) 60 60 60 75 60 60 Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70 OligomerProduct g liquid NAO product 13 18 16 19 15 16 g polymer 6.2 6.1 5 6.67.1 9.8 polymer (mass%) 32.28% 25.66% 23.51% 26.22% 31.74% 37.63% C #dist data (mass %) C₆ 78.6 79.1 78.4 78.6 78.8 78.3 C₈ 19.2 18.8 19.118.6 18.4 19.0 C₁₀ 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 C₁₂ 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 97.8 97.9 97.5 97.2 97.297.3 C₆ Purity(mol % 1-hexene) 95.99 95.77 95.88 95.68 96.30 96.46 C₈Purity (mol % 1-octene) 96.71 97.49 97.48 97.30 97.46 97.40Methylcyclopentane (mass %) 2.71 2.88 2.79 2.74 2.64 2.78Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 0.64 0.76 0.75 1.03 0.50 0.19Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 4,212 5,723 5,2686,015 4,946 5,261 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 79,220 107,745 98,770 112,43992,446 98,441 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 79,220 107,745 98,770 89,95192,446 98,441 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 1345 2440 2237 2546 2094 2229(g polymer)/(g product) 0.48 0.35 0.31 0.36 0.46 0.60 (g polymer)/(gChromium) 38,615 37,992 31,141 41,106 44,220 61,036 Example 40 41 42 4344 45 Catalyst System Activation Method E G D D D D Complex # B B B B BB mmol complex 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 ComplexAlkylaluminum TEA TEA TIBA TIBA TIBA TIBA Complex Alkylaluminum Mass(mg) 0.015 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.055 0.075 Support FSCA FSCA FSCA FSCAFSCA FSCA Support Mass (mg) 0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 0.175 SupportAlkylaluminum TEA NA NA NA NA NA Support Alkylaluminum (mg) 0.015 0 0 00 0 Free Alkylaluminum (g) Free Alkylaluminum Mass (mg) TotalAlkylaluminum (mg) Catalyst System Al:Cr molar ratio 85 85 49 65 90 122Catalyst Solvent EB EB EB EB EB EB Solvent Mass (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1Activation Time (hours) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 OligomerizationConditions Diluent CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH CyH Diluent Volume (mL) 200 200200 200 200 200 Ethylene Pressure (psig) 50 50 875 875 875 875 HydrogenPressure (psig) 875 875 50 50 50 50 Time (min) 60 60 60 60 60 60Temperature (° C.) 70 70 70 70 70 70 Oligomer Product g liquid NAOproduct 1 14 8 12 14 14 g polymer 2.5 5 2 4.5 4.5 4.1 polymer (mass %)70.63% 26.52% 20.81% 28.03% 24.58% 22.97% C # dist data (mass %) C₆ 73.578.1 78.4 79.5 78.7 78.5 C₈ 23.0 19.1 19.4 18.2 18.6 18.4 C₁₀ 3.5 2.12.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 C₁₂ 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 C₁₄₊ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9(C₆ + C₈) (mass %) 96.5 97.2 97.8 97.7 97.4 96.9 C₆ Purity(mol %1-hexene) 92.50 95.95 94.23 95.09 94.72 94.00 C₈ Purity (mol % 1-octene)93.34 97.27 97.01 97.14 97.47 96.40 Methylcyclopentane (mass %) 3.662.83 2.69 2.61 2.71 2.62 Methylenecyclopentane (mass %) 1.54 0.59 2.411.71 1.94 2.50 Productivities (g Liquid Product)/(mMol Chromium) 3374,487 2,465 3,742 4,472 4,452 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr) 6,249 83,872 46,38470,273 83,728 82,934 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Cr)/hr 6,249 83,872 46,384 70,27383,728 82,934 [g (C₆ + C₈)]/(g Aluminum) 142 1899 1825 2074 1797 1305 (gpolymer)/(g product) 2.40 0.36 0.26 0.39 0.33 0.30 (g polymer)/(gChromium) 15,571 31,141 12,456 28,027 28,027 25,536

TABLE 4 Mn/1000 Mw/1000 Mz/1000 Mv/1000 Mp/1000 Example (g/mol) (g/mol)(g/mol) (g/mol) (g/mol) Mw/Mn IB IVc 1 12.93 217.95 1439.88 156.5 58.2416.86 1.875 2.332 5 16.64 174.79 939.91 133.66 69.04 10.5 1.517 2.08 1013.08 182.1 1192.15 133.99 58.24 13.92 1.542 2.084 11 14.12 158.9 978.05118.74 51.97 11.25 1.443 1.909 14 10.77 191.67 1341.03 138.67 63.2617.80 1.812 2.136 15 10.97 184.27 1344.04 132.12 54.30 16.80 1.813 2.06317 13.91 214.54 1028.03 161.70 73.67 15.42 1.882 2.388 22 16.07 159.131038.11 119.37 53.31 9.9 1.489 1.916 35 15.79 352.61 1990.62 258.26144.25 22.3 — — 37 12.60 368.69 2232.15 263.23 120.36 29.3 — —

TABLE 5 Internal Side Chains Chain ENDS Unsaturation Propylene 1-Butene1-Hexane Ethylene LB/ SCB/ Sat/ Vinyl/ trans/ cis/ Example mol % mol %mol % mol % 1000 TC 1000 TC 1000 TC 1000 TC 1000 TC 1000 TC 10 0.05%0.00% 0.07% 99.88% 0.1 0.6 0.98 0.44 0 0.35 11 0.10% 0.00% 0.16% 99.74%0.1 1.3 1.33 0.39 0 0.48

In Examples 46 and 47, ethylene oligomerizations were performed usingthe chromium(III) complex of the diphosphino amine ligand havingStructure PNP 5. In Example 46, the catalyst system was prepared bycombining 2 mg of the chromium(III) complex of the diphosphino amineligand having Structure PNP 5, 1 mL of benzene, and 0.725 grams ofMMAO-3. The catalyst system mixture was then aged at room temperaturefor 30 minutes. The aged catalyst system mixture was then mixed intocyclohexane, 200 mL, which was then charged to an evacuated autoclavereactor (0.5 L stainless steel ZipperClave® Autoclave) held at 70° C.The reactor was then charged with 50 psig H₂ and 875 psig ethylene.Ethylene was then oligomerized at 70° C., with stirring (through an airdriven autoclave stirrer motor). The ethylene oligomerizationtemperature was maintained by use of internal cooling coils and ifnecessary an external water bath. As the reaction proceeded, ethylenewas fed to the reactor on demand to maintain the autoclave reactorpressure for the reaction time of 20 minutes. At ethyleneoligomerization completion, water cooling was applied to the autoclavereactor. When the autoclave reactor contents temperature reached 35° C.,the unreacted ethylene and hydrogen gas were vented from the reactor. Aliquid sample (˜2 mL) of the reactor contents was then collected,filtered, and analyzed by GC-FID. The reactor solids were collected byfiltering the reaction mixture and cleaning the reactor walls andcooling coil. Analysis of the reactor contents showed that the ethyleneoligomerization produced 47 grams of liquid oligomer product containing27.4 wt. % C₆ product (of which 83.4 wt. % was 1-hexene) and 69.6 wt. %C₈ product (of which 99.29 wt. % was 1-octene), and 0.23 grams ofpolymer.

In Example 47, the catalyst system was prepared using Activation MethodE by 1) preparing a first mixture by combining 2 mg of the chromium(III)complex of the diphosphino amine ligand having Structure PNP 5, 1 mL ofbenzene, and 0.2 grams of TEA and aging the first mixture for 30minutes; 2) preparing a second mixture containing 200 mg of FSCA and 10mL cyclohexane containing 0.02 g TEA and then aging the second mixturefor 30 minutes; 3) combining the first and second mixtures and aging thecombined mixture for 30 minutes to produce the catalyst system mixture.The ethylene oligomerization was conducted as described in Example 46.Analysis of the reactor contents of Example 47 showed that the ethyleneoligomerization produced 10 grams of liquid oligomer product containing47.3 wt. % C₆ product (of which 89.41 wt. % was 1-hexene) and 49.8 wt. %C₈ product (of which 97.9 wt. % was 1-octene), and 19.6 grams ofpolymer. Example 47 demonstrates that using a chemically-treated solidoxide provides for the concurrent co-production of ethylene oligomersand polyethylene without substantial reactor fouling and/or plugging.

The invention is described above with reference to numerous aspects andembodiments, and specific examples. Many variations will suggestthemselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detaileddescription. All such obvious variations are within the full intendedscope of the appended claims. Other embodiments of the invention caninclude, but are not limited to, the following (embodiments aredescribed as “comprising” but, alternatively, can “consist essentiallyof” or “consist of”):

Embodiment 1

A catalyst system comprising:

a) a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex;

b) a chemically-treated solid oxide; and

c) an organoaluminum compound.

Embodiment 2

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawinganion, e.g., any solid oxide and any electron-withdrawing aniondisclosed herein.

Embodiment 3

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein (a) the solid oxidecomprises silica, alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina,aluminum phosphate, aluminophosphate, heteropolytungstate, titania,zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, a mixed oxide thereof, or anymixture thereof, and (b) the electron-withdrawing anion comprisessulfate, bisulfate, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorosulfate,fluoroborate, phosphate, acetate, fluorophosphate, trifluoroacetate,triflate, fluorozirconate, fluorotitanate, phospho-tungstate, or anycombination thereof.

Embodiment 4

The catalyst system in embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the solid oxidecomprises silica, alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, or amixture thereof.

Embodiment 5

The catalyst system in embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the solid oxidecomprises silica-coated alumina.

Embodiment 6

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 2-5, wherein theelectron-withdrawing anion comprises sulfate, fluoride, chloride, or anycombination thereof.

Embodiment 7

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 2-6, wherein theelectron-withdrawing anion comprises sulfate.

Embodiment 8

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 2-6, wherein theelectron-withdrawing anion comprises fluoride, chloride, or both.

Embodiment 9

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises fluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromidedalumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chloridedsilica-alumina, bromided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina,fluorided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia, bromidedsilica-zirconia, sulfated silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania,fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coatedalumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, phosphated silica-coatedalumina, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 10

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises a fluorided solid oxide, a sulfated solid oxide,or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 11

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluoridedsilica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-coatedalumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfatedsilica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 12

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises fluorided silica-coated alumina.

Embodiment 13

The catalyst system in embodiment 1, wherein the chemically-treatedsolid oxide comprises sulfated alumina.

Embodiment 14

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 2-13, wherein thechemically-treated solid oxide further comprises any metal or metal iondisclosed herein, e.g., zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, silver,copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, or anycombination thereof.

Embodiment 15

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theorganoaluminum compound comprises any organoaluminum compound disclosedherein.

Embodiment 16

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theorganoaluminum compound comprises an aluminoxane; alternatively, analkylaluminum compound; or alternatively, a trialkylaluminum compound.

Embodiment 17

The catalyst system in embodiment 15, wherein the organoaluminumcompound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum,tri-n-propylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum,tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride,diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combinationthereof.

Embodiment 18

The catalyst system in embodiment 17, wherein the alkylaluminum compoundcomprises triethylaluminum.

Embodiment 19

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein thecatalyst system is substantially free of aluminoxane compounds.

Embodiment 20

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises anytransition metal disclosed herein, e.g., a Group 5-10 transition metal.

Embodiment 21

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex compriseschromium, iron, nickel, or cobalt, either singly or in combination.

Embodiment 22

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises adiphosphino amine transition metal compound complex, an N²-phosphinylamidine transition metal compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidinetransition metal compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine transitionmetal compound complex, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 23

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises adiphosphino amine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl amidinechromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromiumcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex,or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 24

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises anN²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compound complex, or alternatively, adiphosphino amine chromium compound complex.

Embodiment 25

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises anN²-phosphinyl formamidine chromium compound complex.

Embodiment 26

The catalyst system in any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises anN²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex.

Embodiment 27

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theweight ratio of the transition metal of the heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex (or complexes) to thechemically-treated solid oxide (or oxides) is in any range of weightratios disclosed herein, e.g., from 1:1 to 1:1,000,000, from 1:10 to1:10,000, from 1:20 to 1:1000, etc.

Embodiment 28

The catalyst system in any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theweight ratio of the chemically-treated solid oxide (or oxides) to theorganoaluminum compound (or compounds) is in any range of weight ratiosdisclosed herein, e.g., from 1:5 to 1000:1, from 1:3 to 200:1, from 1:1to 100:1, etc.

Embodiment 29

A process for preparing a catalyst system in any one of embodiments1-28, the process comprising contacting, in any order, a heteroatomicligand transition metal compound complex, a chemically-treated solidoxide, and an organoaluminum compound to form a catalyst system mixture.

Embodiment 30

A process for preparing the catalyst system in any one of embodiments1-28 comprising: (i) contacting a chemically-treated solid oxide and anorganoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form aprecontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting the precontacted mixture witha heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex for a secondperiod of time to form the catalyst system; or alternatively, (i)contacting a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex andan organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form aprecontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting the precontacted mixture witha chemically-treated solid oxide for a second period of time to form thecatalyst system.

Embodiment 31

The process in embodiment 30, wherein the first period of time is in anyrange of first time periods disclosed herein, e.g., at least 5 seconds,at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, from 5 seconds to 48 hours,from 5 minutes to 6 hours, etc.

Embodiment 32

The process in any one of embodiments 30-31, wherein the second periodof time is in any range of second time periods disclosed herein, e.g.,at least 5 seconds, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, from 5seconds to 48 hours, from 5 minutes to 6 hours, etc.

Embodiment 33

A process for preparing the catalyst system in any one of embodiments1-28 comprising:

(i) contacting a chemically-treated solid oxide and a firstorganoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form a firstmixture;

(ii) contacting a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complexand a second organoaluminum compound for a second period of time to forma second mixture; and

(iii) contacting the first mixture with the second mixture for a thirdperiod of time to form the catalyst system.

Embodiment 34

The process in embodiment 33, wherein the first period of time and thesecond period of time are independently in any range of first and secondtime periods disclosed herein, e.g., at least 5 seconds, at least 5minutes, at least 10 minutes, from 5 seconds to 48 hours, from 5 minutesto 6 hours, etc.

Embodiment 35

The process in embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the third period of time isin any range of third time periods disclosed herein, e.g., at least 5seconds, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, from 5 seconds to 48hours, from 5 minutes to 6 hours, etc.

Embodiment 36

The process in any one of embodiments 33-35, wherein the firstorganoaluminum compound and the second first organoaluminum compound aredifferent, or alternatively, the first organoaluminum compound and thesecond first organoaluminum compound are the same.

Embodiment 37

A catalyst system produced by the process of any one of embodiments29-36.

Embodiment 38

A process comprising a) contacting i) ethylene, ii) the catalyst systemin any one of embodiments 1-28, and iii) optionally an organic reactionmedium, and b) forming an oligomer product.

Embodiment 39

A process comprising a) preparing a catalyst system according to theprocess in any one of embodiments 29-36; b) contacting the catalystsystem prepared in step a) with ethylene and optionally an organicreaction medium; and c) forming an oligomer product.

Embodiment 40

The process in embodiment 39, wherein a productivity of the catalystsystem (in kg (C₆+C₈)/g transition metal, kg (C₆+C₈)/g transitionmetal/hr, or kg (C₆+C₈)/g Al) is greater (by any amount disclosedherein, e.g., at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 100%, etc.) than thatof a similar process wherein a catalyst system is prepared by contactingthe chemically-treated solid oxide and the heteroatomic ligandtransition metal compound complex to form an mixture, and thencontacting the first mixture with the organoaluminum compound; orsimultaneously contacting the chemically-treated solid oxide, theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, and theorganoaluminum compound.

Embodiment 41

The process in embodiment 39, wherein a productivity of the catalystsystem (in kg (C₆+C₈)/g transition metal, kg (C₆+C₈)/g transitionmetal/hr, or kg (C₆+C₈)/g Al) is from 10% to 500% greater, or from 25%to 200% greater, etc., than that of a similar process wherein a catalystsystem is prepared by contacting the chemically-treated solid oxide andthe heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex to form anmixture, and then contacting the first mixture with the organoaluminumcompound; or simultaneously contacting the chemically-treated solidoxide, the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, andthe organoaluminum compound.

Embodiment 42

The process in any one of embodiments 38-41, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed at an oligomerization temperature in anyoligomerization temperature range disclosed herein, e.g., from 0° C. to165° C., from 20° C. to 160° C., from 40° C. to 160° C., from 50° C. to150° C., from 50° C. to 140° C., from 50° C. to 130° C., from 45° C. to100° C., from 45° C. to 90° C., etc.

Embodiment 43

The process in any one of embodiments 38-42, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed at a reaction pressure (or ethylene partial pressure)in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from 50 psig (344 kPa) to 4,000psig (27.6 MPa), from 100 psig (689 kPa) to 3,000 psig (20.9 MPa), from200 psig (1.4 MPa) to 2,000 psig (13.8 MPa), from 250 psig (1.5 MPa) to1,500 psig (10.3 MPa), etc.

Embodiment 44

The process in any one of embodiments 38-43, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed in the substantial absence of hydrogen (e.g., no addedhydrogen).

Embodiment 45

The process in any one of embodiments 38-43, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed in the presence of hydrogen.

Embodiment 46

The process in embodiment 45, wherein the oligomer product is formed ata hydrogen partial pressure in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from 1psig (6.9 kPa) to 2000 psig (13.8 MPa), from 5 psig (34 kPa) to 1500psig (10.3 MPa), from 10 psig (69 kPa) to 1000 psig (6.9 MPa), from 10psig (69 kPa) to 500 psig (3.5 MPa), from 25 psig (172 kPa) to 500 psig(3.4 MPa), etc.

Embodiment 47

The process in any one of embodiments 38-46, wherein a productivity ofthe catalyst system is in any range disclosed herein, e.g., greater than25,000 grams, greater than 50,000 grams, greater than 100,000 grams,greater than 150,000 grams, etc., of C₆+C₈ per gram of transition metal,under oligomerization conditions, with a triethylaluminum co-catalyst,using cyclohexane as a diluent and 50 psig hydrogen pressure, and withan oligomerization temperature of 70° C. and an ethylene pressure of 875psig.

Embodiment 48

The process in any one of embodiments 38-47, wherein a productivity ofthe catalyst system is in any range disclosed herein, e.g., greater than1,000 grams, greater than 2,500 grams, greater than 10,000 grams,greater than 50,000 grams, etc., of ethylene polymer per gram oftransition metal, under oligomerization conditions, with atriethylaluminum co-catalyst, using cyclohexane as a diluent and 50 psighydrogen pressure, and with an oligomerization temperature of 70° C. andan ethylene pressure of 875 psig.

Embodiment 49

The process in any one of embodiments 38-48, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed in the substantial absence of aluminoxanes.

Embodiment 50

The process in any one of embodiments 38-49, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed in the presence of an organic reaction medium, e.g.,any organic reaction medium disclosed herein, e.g., a hydrocarbon (forinstance, cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane), a halogenated hydrocarbon,or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 51

The process in any one of embodiments 38-50, wherein the oligomerproduct is formed in a reaction system comprising a stirred tankreactor, a plug flow reactor, or any combination thereof; alternatively,a fixed bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, a loop slurryreactor, a solution reactor, a tubular reactor, a recycle reactor, orany combination thereof.

Embodiment 52

The process in any one of embodiments 38-51, wherein the process furthercomprises a step of deactivating the catalyst system using any suitabletechnique or any technique disclosed herein.

Embodiment 53

The process in any one of embodiments 38-52, wherein the oligomerproduct comprises a liquid oligomer product (liquid at standardtemperature and pressure) and a solid polymer product (solid at standardtemperature and pressure).

Embodiment 54

The process in embodiment 53, wherein the weight percentage of the solidpolymer product, based on the total weight of the oligomer product, isin any range disclosed herein, e.g., from 2 wt. % to 80 wt. %, from 2wt. % to 65 wt. %, from 2 wt. % to 30 wt. %, from 5 wt. % to 65 wt. %,from 5 wt. % to 30 wt. %, from 10 wt. % to 40 wt. %, etc.

Embodiment 55

The process in any one of embodiments 53-54, wherein the liquid oligomerproduct comprises C₆ and C₈ olefins.

Embodiment 56

The process in any one of embodiments 53-55, wherein the liquid oligomerproduct comprises an amount of C₆ and C₈ olefins (total) in any rangedisclosed herein, e.g., from 70 to 99.9 wt. %, from 80 to 99.9 wt. %,from 90 to 99.9 wt. %, from 92 to 99.9 wt. %, from 96 to 99.9 wt. %,etc.

Embodiment 57

The process in any one of embodiments 53-56, wherein the liquid oligomerproduct comprises an amount of C₆ olefins in any range disclosed herein,e.g., from 70 to 99.9 wt. %, from 80 to 99.9 wt. %, from 90 to 99.9 wt.%, from 92 to 99.9 wt. %, from 95 to 99.9 wt. %, etc.

Embodiment 58

The process in any one of embodiments 53-57, wherein the oligomerproduct and the liquid oligomer product comprise a C₆ oligomer productcomprising an amount of 1-hexene in any range disclosed herein, e.g.,from 90 to 99.99 mol %, from 95 to 99.99 mol %, from 98 to 99.99 mol %,from 99 to 99.99 mol %, etc.

Embodiment 59

The process in any one of embodiments 53-58, wherein the oligomerproduct and the liquid oligomer product comprise a C₈ oligomer productcomprising an amount of 1-octene in any range disclosed herein, e.g.,from 90 to 99.99 mol %, from 95 to 99.99 mol %, from 97 to 99.99 mol %,from 98 to 99.99 mol %, etc.

Embodiment 60

The process in any one of embodiments 53-59, wherein the solid polymerproduct comprises an ethylene polymer (e.g., an ethylene homopolymer).

Embodiment 61

The process in any one of embodiments 53-60, wherein the solid polymerproduct has a Mn in any range of Mn's disclosed herein, e.g., from 5,000to 25,000 g/mol, from 5,000 to 20,000 g/mol, from 8,000 to 25,000 g/mol,from 8,000 to 20,000 g/mol, etc.

Embodiment 62

The process in any one of embodiments 53-61, wherein the solid polymerproduct has a Mp in any range of Mp's disclosed herein, e.g., from30,000 to 200,000 g/mol, from 30,000 to 170,000 g/mol, from 35,000 to170,000 g/mol, from 40,000 to 160,000 g/mol, etc.

Embodiment 63

The process in any one of embodiments 53-62, wherein the solid polymerproduct is insoluble in the organic reaction medium, e.g., a hydrocarbon(for instance, cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane), a halogenatedhydrocarbon, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 64

The process in any one of embodiments 53-63, wherein at least a portionof the solid polymer product comprises chemically-treated solid oxideparticles.

Embodiment 65

The process in any one of embodiments 53-64, wherein the process furthercomprises a step of isolating the liquid oligomer product, e.g., fromthe solid polymer product, from the organic reaction medium, etc., usingany suitable technique or any technique disclosed herein, e.g., afiltration process, an evaporation process, a distillation process, aswell as combinations thereof.

Embodiment 66

The process in any one of embodiments 53-65, wherein the process furthercomprises a step of isolating the solid polymer product, e.g., from theliquid oligomer product, from the organic reaction medium, etc., usingany suitable technique or any technique disclosed herein, e.g., afiltration process, an evaporation process, a distillation process, aswell as combinations thereof.

Embodiment 67

The process in any one of embodiments 53-66, wherein the process furthercomprises a step of separating solid polymer product comprising at leasta portion of the catalyst system (or deactivated catalyst system), e.g.,from the liquid oligomer product, from the organic reaction medium,etc., using any suitable liquid-solid separation technique or anytechnique disclosed herein, e.g., a filtration process, an evaporationprocess, a distillation process, as well as combinations thereof.

Embodiment 68

The process in any one of embodiments 38-67, wherein the process isperformed without reactor fouling, e.g., no reactor fouling (withoutsubstantial reactor fouling, substantially no reactor fouling) in anyreactor or multi-reactor system disclosed herein, e.g., a stirred tankreactor, a plug flow reactor, or any combination thereof; oralternatively, a fixed bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, aloop slurry reactor, a solution reactor, a tubular reactor, a recyclereactor, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 69

A liquid oligomer product (liquid at standard temperature and pressure)produced by the process in any one of embodiments 38-68.

Embodiment 70

A solid polymer product (solid at standard temperature and pressure)produced by the process in any one of embodiments 38-68.

Embodiment 71

An article comprising (or formed from) the solid polymer product inembodiment 70.

Embodiment 72

The article in embodiment 71, wherein the article is an agriculturalfilm, an automobile part, a bottle, a drum, a fiber or fabric, a foodpackaging film or container, a food service article, a fuel tank, ageomembrane, a household container, a liner, a molded product, a medicaldevice or material, a pipe, a sheet or tape, or a toy.

We claim:
 1. A process comprising: a) contacting i) ethylene; ii) acatalyst system comprising: a) a heteroatomic ligand transition metalcompound complex; b) a chemically-treated solid oxide; and c) anorganoaluminum compound; and iii) optionally, an organic reactionmedium; and b) forming an oligomer product comprising a liquid oligomerproduct and a solid polymer product; wherein: the weight percentage ofthe solid polymer product, based on the total weight of the liquidoligomer product and the solid polymer product, is in a range from 5 wt.% to 65 wt. %.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein: the liquid oligomerproduct comprises C₆ and C₈ olefins; and the solid polymer productcomprises an ethylene polymer.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein aproductivity of the catalyst system is greater than 50,000 grams ofC₆+C₈ per gram of transition metal, under oligomerization conditions,with triethylaluminum as the organoaluminum compound, cyclohexane as theorganic reaction medium, and with a hydrogen pressure of 50 psig, anethylene pressure of 875 psig, and an oligomerization temperature of 70°C.
 4. The process of claim 2, wherein a productivity of the catalystsystem is greater than 10,000 grams of the solid polymer product pergram of transition metal, under oligomerization conditions, withtriethylaluminum as the organoaluminum compound, cyclohexane as theorganic reaction medium, and with a hydrogen pressure of 50 psig, anethylene pressure of 875 psig, and an oligomerization temperature of 70°C.
 5. A The process of claim 2, wherein the weight percentage of thesolid polymer product, based on the total weight of the liquid oligomerproduct and the solid polymer product, is in a range from 10 wt. % to 60wt. %.
 6. The process of claim 2, wherein: the weight percentage of thesolid polymer product, based on the total weight of the liquid oligomerproduct and the solid polymer product, is in a range from 10 wt. % to 60wt. %; the liquid oligomer product comprises from 92 to 99.9 wt. % C₆+C₈olefins; and the solid polymer product has a Mn in a range from 5,000 to25,000 g/mol and a Mp in a range from 30,000 to 200,000 g/mol.
 7. Theprocess of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the solid polymerproduct comprises chemically-treated solid oxide particles.
 8. Theprocess of claim 2, wherein the process further comprises a step ofisolating the solid polymer product from the liquid oligomer productand/or from the organic reaction medium using one or more separationtechniques.
 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the one or moreseparation techniques comprises a filtration process, an evaporationprocess, a distillation process, or combinations thereof.
 10. Theprocess of claim 1, wherein the oligomer product is formed in anoligomerization reactor without reactor fouling.
 11. The process ofclaim 1, wherein the catalyst system is produced by a processcomprising: (i) contacting the chemically-treated solid oxide and theorganoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form aprecontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting the precontacted mixture withthe heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex for a secondperiod of time to form the catalyst system.
 12. The process of claim 1,wherein the catalyst system is produced by a process comprising: (i)contacting the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex andthe organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form aprecontacted mixture; and (ii) contacting the precontacted mixture withthe chemically-treated solid oxide for a second period of time to formthe catalyst system.
 13. A process comprising: (a) contacting, in anyorder, a heteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex, anorganoaluminum compound, and a chemically-treated solid oxide to form acatalyst system; (b) contacting ethylene, the catalyst system, and anorganic reaction medium; and (c) forming an oligomer product comprisinga liquid oligomer product and a solid polymer product; wherein: theweight percentage of the solid polymer product, based on the totalweight of the liquid oligomer product and the solid polymer product, isin a range from 5 wt. % to 65 wt. %.
 14. The process of claim 1, whereinthe chemically-treated solid oxide comprises a solid oxide treated withan electron-withdrawing anion, and wherein: the solid oxide comprisessilica, alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, or anycombination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion comprisessulfate, fluoride, chloride, or any combination thereof.
 15. The processof claim 1, wherein: the heteroatomic ligand transition metal compoundcomplex comprises a diphosphino amine chromium compound complex, anN²-phosphinyl amidine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinylformamidine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidinechromium compound complex, or any combination thereof; thechemically-treated solid oxide comprises fluorided alumina, sulfatedalumina, fluorided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluoridedsilica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina,sulfated silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof; and theorganoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum,tri-n-propylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum,tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride,diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combinationthereof.
 16. The process of claim 15, wherein: the weight percentage ofthe solid polymer product, based on the total weight of the liquidoligomer product and the solid polymer product, is in a range from 15wt. % to 55 wt. %; the liquid oligomer product comprises from 92 to 99.9wt. % C₆+C₈ olefins; and the solid polymer product has a Mn in a rangefrom 5,000 to 25,000 g/mol and a Mp in a range from 30,000 to 200,000g/mol, and at least a portion of the solid polymer product compriseschemically-treated solid oxide particles.
 17. The process of claim 2,wherein the chemically-treated solid oxide comprises a fluorided solidoxide, a sulfated solid oxide, or a combination thereof.
 18. The processof claim 17, wherein the catalyst system is substantially free ofaluminoxane compounds.
 19. The process of claim 2, wherein: theheteroatomic ligand transition metal compound complex comprises adiphosphino amine chromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl amidinechromium compound complex, an N²-phosphinyl formamidine chromiumcompound complex, an N²-phosphinyl guanidine chromium compound complex,or any combination thereof; the chemically-treated solid oxide comprisesfluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, sulfatedsilica-alumina, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chloridedsilica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, or anycombination thereof; and the organoaluminum compound comprisestrimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri-n-propylaluminum,tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum,tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminumethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof.
 20. Theprocess of claim 19, wherein: the liquid oligomer product comprises from92 to 99.9 wt. % C₆+C₈ olefins; and the solid polymer product has a Mnin a range from 5,000 to 25,000 g/mol and a Mp in a range from 30,000 to200,000 g/mol, and at least a portion of the solid polymer productcomprises chemically-treated solid oxide particles.